UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 
AT   LOS  ANGELES 


If    flEXLIBRIS 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 
LIBRARY, 


GYMNASTIC  EXERCISES 


FOR 


ELEMENTARY  SCHOOLS 


SUPPLEMENTED    BY 


FANCY  STEPS  AND  GAMES 


BY 

HARRIET  E.  TRASK 

GRADUATE    OF    THE     BOSTON     NORM \L    SCHOOL    OF    GYMNASTICS 
INSTRUCTOR    IN    THE     PHILADELPHIA     NORMAL    SCHOOL 


lS892> 


PHILADELPHIA 

CHRISTOPHER  SOWER  COMPANY 


COPYRIGHT,  1904 
BY  CHRISTOPHER  SOWER  COMPANY 


\s 

GrV 


PREFACE. 


IN  selecting  and  arranging  the  material  for  this  book,  I 
have  tried  to  meet  the  demand  especially  of  those  teachers 
who  are  being  more  and  more  called  upon  to  add  to  their 
curriculum  this  branch  of  physical  education,  namely, 
gymnastics. 

Several  years  of  experience  in  elementary  grades  and  in 
normal  teaching  have  shown  what  the  grade  teacher,  as  well 
as  the  normal  pupil,  would  find  essential  and  helpful  in 
teaching  gymnastics.  A  teacher's  text-book  to  meet  the 
general  needs  must  be  of  such  a  nature  that  the  simple 
and  combined  movements  which  it  describes  may  be  easily 
understood  and  accurately  reproduced.  This  is  provided 
for  by  definite  descriptions  of  all  movements,  positions,  and 
combinations,  and  by  illustrations  of  many  of  the  funda- 
mental positions. 

The  use  of  technical  terms  is  reduced  to  a  minimum.  The 
following  series  help  to  counteract  the  effects  of  unhygienic 

(3) 


4  PREFACE 

conditions  of  school  life  and  constitute,  so  far  as  the  limits 
of  the  classroom  will  allow,  a  supplement  to  the  less  system- 
atic but  exceedingly  hygienic  exercises  found  in  outdoor 
play  and  games. 

i          i/ 


C  O  X  T  E  X  T  S. 


PAGE 

INTRODUCTION 11 

PART  I.     DAYS'   ORDERS    . 27 

First  Year 29 

Second  Year 73 

Third  Year 93 

Fourth  Year 113 

Fifth  Year     .                               131 

Sixth  Year     .            143 

Seventh  Year      ....            1.57 

Eighth  Year        .                         175 

PART  II.     FAXCY  STEPS     .             187 

PART  III.     GAMES 195 

For  the  Classroom 197 

For  the  Gymnasium  or  Playroom  211 


(5) 


I  L  L  U  S T  R  A T I  O  N  S. 


flli.  PAGE 

1.  Attention 10 

2.  Feet  close.     Hips  firm 20 

3.  Head  backward  bend 28 

4.  Arms  upward  bend 32 

5.  Neck  firm 33 

6.  Arms  sideways  stretch.     Arms  sideways  raise     ....  37 

7.  Arms  forward  stretch.     Arms  forward  raise 40 

8.  Trunk  forward  bend 43 

9.  Arms  backward  stretch 45 

10.  Arms  to   star  position  stretch 47 

11.  Anns  forward  bend 49 

12.  Arms  upward  stretch 51 

13.  Trunk  backward  bend 57 

14.  Arms  half  sideways  bend 59 

15.  Trunk  sideways  bend 61 

16.  Leg  backward  stretch.     Leg  backward  raise 84 

17.  Leg  sideways  raise 88 

18.  Leg  forward  raise 96 

19.  Forward  fallout 147 

20.  Knee  upward  bend 169 


(7) 


INTRODUCTION. 


(9) 


FIG.  1 — ATTENTION. 


C  10) 


INTRODUCTION. 


FOR  elementary  school  work  there  are  practically  only 
two  systems  of  physical  training,  the  German  and  the 
Swedish.  The  movements  of  these  in  free  floor  work  are 
almost  identical.  One  and  the  same  set  of  exercises  may 
be  given  in  a  lesson  under  both  systems  without  violating 
the  fundamental  principles  of  either.  Other  so-called 
systems  of  school  gymnastics  are  based  upon  one  or  both 
of  these  and  contain  nothing  original  excepting  the  selec- 
tion and  the  arrangement  of  the  movements.  Some  par- 
ticular element  or  elements  which  appeal  to  the  individual 
may  have  been  selected  and  elaborated,  but  in  general 
there  is  nothing  which  is  not  borrowed  from  one  or  both 
of  these  systems. 

It  has  been  universally  acknowledged  that  the  best 
arrangement  in  general  for  a  lesson  is  one  in  which  the 
lesson  starts  with  relatively  easy  exercises,  increases  to 
the  more  difficult,  and  ends  with  moderately  easy  ones. 

These  lessons  are  composed  of  a  number  of  exercises  put 
together  in  a  systematic  way,  each  exercise  having  its 
special  object  in  the  lesson.  The  fact  that  the  general 
arrangement  remains  the  same  greatly  aids  the  class  teacher 
in  memorizing  the  lesson,  which  is  an  important  factor, 
since  the  teacher  is  not  a  specialist  and  more  often  than 

(ll) 


12  INTRODUCTION 

otherwise  has  had  only  a  limited  training  in  the  work. 
Therefore,  it  is  necessary  to  make  it  as  easy  in  every  way 
for  the  teacher  as  is  consistent  with  the  scientific  arrange- 
ment of  the  subject-matter  taught.    The  lessons  must  be 
memorized  and  not  read  from  a  book  or  card. 
The  exercises  are  divideoi^i||ip : 
I.  Introductory  exercises. 
Order. 
Leg. 
Arm. 
II.  Balance  exercises. 

III.  Trunk  exercises. 

Back. 
Front. 
Lateral  trunk. 

IV.  Breathing  exercises. 

For  the  sake  of  convenience  the  introductory  and  the 
trunk  exercises  are  subdivided. 

The  arrangement  of  the  first  ten  lessons  follows  this 
general  plan:  Order,  leg,  head,  arm,  balance,  back,  breath- 
ing. From  the  tenth  lesson  the  following  is  the  order: 
Order,  leg,  arm,  balance,  front,  back,  lateral  trunk,  jump, 
breathing.  So  we  have  our  "  lesson,7'  "  day's  order,"  or 
"series  of  exercises,1'  made  up  of  exercises  which  in  turn  are 
composed  of  two  or  more  movements.  In  the  first  grade 
there  is  very  little  combination  work,  the  combined  move- 
ments being  used  mostly  as  "starting  positions"  and  com- 
posed of  easy  movements  which  have  been  taken  previously 
as  "movements  proper"  in  the  class  of  exercises  to  which 
they  especially  belong.  They  are  introduced  for  their 


INTRODUCTION  13 

coordinative  value  and  for  economy  of  time.  Since  they 
are  not  usually  repeated,  they  have  very  little  hygienic 
value. 

The  first  year  includes  nearly  all  the  elementary  move- 
ments. Those  following  are  in  general  a  combination,  in 
a  well-defined  way,  increasing  gradually  in  physical  and 
mental  difficulty.  All  "  starting  positions"  follow  the  same 
order  of  development  in  the  class  into  which  they  are  intro- 
duced that  was  peculiar  to  them  when  previously  given  in 
their  own  special  class  of  exercises.  This  order  is  likewise 
kept  in  all  exercises  where  movements  are  done  while  the 
"movement  proper"  is  held 

Allowing  thirty  weeks  for  indoor  gymnastic  work  gives 
fifteen  days'  orders  to  each  grade,  each  grade  after  the  first, 
reviewing  in  the  beginning  of  the  term  the  five  lessons  of 
the  previous  year;  thus  the  eleventh  order  of  the  first  grade 
becomes  the  first  order  of  the  second  grade. 

Two  weeks'  time  is  given  to  each  lesson,  from  ten  to 
fifteen  minutes  daily,  but  the  same  combination  of  exer- 
cises may  be  taught  for  one  week  only.  This  has  an  advan- 
tage over  the  plan  of  keeping  a  class  on  the  same  exercise 
two  or  three  weeks,  since  under  the  latter  condition  the  les- 
son is  apt  to  become  a  set  drill,  the  pupils  anticipate  the 
movements  and  the  mental  value  of  the  command  work  is 
weakened.  It  follows  also  that  the  interest  of  the  class  is 
lessened.  Give  the  "first  day's  order"  the  first  two  weeks; 
the  last  half  of  the  "  first"  and  the  first  half  of  the  "second," 
the  third  week;  the  whole  of  the  "second''  the  fourth  week; 
the  last  half  of  the  "second"  and  the  first  half  of  the 
"third,"  the  fifth  week;  etc. 


14  INTRODUCTION 

The  selection  and  logical  arrangement  of  a  curriculum 
is  a  most  vital  question  with  school  authorities.  The  general 
principles  underlying  the  correlation  of  studies  must 
govern  the  arrangement  of  the  daily  program,  and  only 
by  observing  this  law  can  the  maximum  benefit  be  ob- 
tained; only  thus  can  the  time  and  place  for  each  study 
be  correctly  approximated.  The  program  must  be  so 
arranged  that  one  lesson  is  not  followed  by  another  of  the 
same  mental  or  physical  nature,  but  should  be  followed 
by  one  of  contrast,  giving  as  much  variety  as  possible,  for 
in  this  way  there  is  an  avoidance  of  fatigue,  which  would 
otherwise  be  the  result.  The  earlier  part  of  the  session, 
when  the  pupils  are  at  their  best,  calls  for  the  studies  re- 
quiring the  greater  mental  effort,  and  among  these  studies 
would  be  placed  arithmetic,  grammar,  history,  and  geog- 
raphy. Drawing,  manual  training,  nature  studies  and  sing- 
ing might  well  succeed  one  of  the  above.  The  place  for  a 
gymnastic  lesson  is  an  open  question.  Some  would  place 
it  with  geography  and  history  in  its  production  of  mental 
fatigue.  Without  laying  undue  stress  upon  this  fact,  the 
gymnastic  lesson  might  well  be  introduced  after  one  of 
limited  physical  activity.  It  is  the  manner  in  which  the 
lesson  is  given  which  determines  to  a  large  extent  the 
element  of  fatigue.  When  the  gymnastic  period  is  not 
divided,  it  is  preferable  to  place  it  in  the  morning  session. 
Under  certain  conditions,  however,  it  is  better  to  divide 
the  time  and  give  a  lesson  in  the  morning  and  another  in 
the  afternoon.  The  fact  that  gymnastics  are  recreative, 
as  well  as  corrective  and  developing,  must  be  kept  in  view. 
Formal  gymnastics  can  never  be  a  satisfactory  substitute 


INTRODUCTION  15 

for  the  recess  period.  Gymnastic  games  might  be  utilized 
during  a  part  of  the  recess  period  with  benefit. 

Before  a  lesson  the  windows  should  be  opened  for  fresh 
air,  when  there  is  no  other  arrangement  for  admitting 
plenty.  This  is  also  necessary  in  order  to  lower  the  tem- 
perature, since  a  room  warm  enough  for  inactivity  has  too 
high  a  temperature  for  active  exercise. 

It  is  of  paramount  importance  to  call  the  attention  of  the 
class  leader  to  the  fact  that  it  would  be  most  injurious  for 
some  pupils  to  take  all  the  exercises.  We  have  these 
abnormal  conditions  ever  present  which  must  be  met  and 
treated  accordingly.  They  cannot  be  ignored,  and,  though 
the  work  is  arranged  for  the  average  and  normal  pupil,  those 
who  do  fall  below  this  class  must  be  considered.  In  certain 
cases  the  teacher,  unless  under  proper  direction  or  with 
proper  training,  should  not  take  the  responsibility  of  decid- 
ing the  nature  of  the  exercises  or  of  giving  them.  It  is  better 
to  omit  than  to  commit.  Children  with  spinal  or  with  hip 
diseases,  unless  the  exercises  are  definitely  prescribed  by  a 
physician  or  specialist,  should  be  excused.  Those  with 
marked  deviation  of  the  spine  to  the  sides,  a  condition 
which  may  be  recognized  by  unevenness  in  the  hips  or 
shoulder,  should  be  excused  from  side  bendings  and  twist- 
ings.  Deviation  forward,  "round  shoulders,"  should  be 
carefully  watched  and  manual  assistance  often  given.  In 
cases  of  "flat-foot,"  excuse  from  balance  exercises  when 
the  movement  is  taken  from  one  foot.  Give  in  its  place 
heel  raising,  with  a  very  smnll  or  no  angle  at  the  heels. 
Limit  or  omit  the  "order"  exercises  with  children  who 
have  a  tendency  to  chorea.  Call  as  little  attention  as  pos- 


Hi  INTRODUCTION 

sible  to  an  excused  or  partially  excused  pupil.  Unless  the 
abnormal  child  is  receiving  special  attention,  under  a 
physician's  advice,  it  is  best  to  consult  the  parent  and 
suggest  such  attention. 

Command.  There  are  two  parts  to  the  command,  the 
explanatory,  preceding  the  dash  ( — ),  and  the  executive, 
or  the  word  following  the  dash.  The  last  word  is  always 
emphasized  when  it  is  the  word  of  execution.  The  word 
directly  before  the  exclamation  point  is  the  word  of  execu- 
tion, except  when  it  is  followed  by  counts.  The  tone  of 
the  voice  indicates  the  rhythm  of  the  movement.  Hips — 
firm!  "Hips"  explanatory;  the  dash  ( — )  indicates  the 
separation,  where  a  distinct  pause  must  be  made;  "firm!" 
the  word  of  execution.  The  word  "firm"  should  be  given 
in  a  quick  and  sharp  tone,  since  the  movement  is  to  be 
done  quickly.  Head  backward — bend!  Raise!  "Bend" 
and  "raise"  are  done  slowly,  and  the  voice  must  show  this. 
In  general  foot  placings,  arm  flingings,  stretchings,  and 
bendings,  facings,  march-steps  and  parts  of  the  jump  are 
given  in  a  quick  rhythm.  Movements  of  the  trunk,  head, 
arm  and  heel  raising  and  sinking,  knee  bending  and  stretch- 
ing, all  breathing  exercises  and  nearly  all  balancing  move- 
ments, are  given  in  a  slow  rhythm.  There  are  a  few 
exceptions,  but  the  grade  teacher  will  find  the  above  rule 
a  safe  one. 

Pause.  The  separation  between  the  two  parts  of  a  com- 
mand is  indicated  by  the  dash  ( — ),  when  a  pause  must  be 
made  of  sufficient  length  to  allow  the  class  to  do  mentally 
what  it  is  to  do  physically,  upon  the  word  of  execution. 
The  pause  secures  a  quick  and  uniform  response.  Do  not 


INTRODUCTION  17 

allow  the  class  to  anticipate  by  a  movement,  the  word  of 
execution,  else  the  power  of  control  is  not  being  trained,  a 
factor  as  important  as  quickness  of  response.  The  move- 
ment is  done  upon  the  word  of  execution  and  only  then. 

Starting  Position  and  Movement  Proper.  The  exer- 
cises are  composed  usually  of  two  parts,  the  "starting 
position"  and  the  "movement  proper"  of  the  exercise.  In 
the  lower  grades  the  physical  difficulty  of  the  exercise  is 
mainly  influenced  by  the  starting  position.  Coordination 
is  trained  in  executing  this  position,  though  the  hygienic 
value  is  at  a  minimum.  The  corrective  value  and  the 
physiological  effects  of  nutrition,  circulation,  respiration, 
digestion,  etc.,  are  found  in  the  movement  proper  of  the 
exercise,  and  these  movements  must  be  repeated  the 
requisite  number  of  times  to  produce  the  required  results 
upon  the  part  of  the  body  to  which  they  are  especially 
referred.  The  movement  proper  is  printed  in  italics.  Thus, 
in  the  balance  exercise  of  the  fourth  day's  order,  first  year: 

Neck — firm!  Feet  sideways — place!  One!  Two!  Heels 
— raise!  Sink! 

"  Xeck — firm!  Feet  sideways — place!  One!  Two!"  is 
the  starting  position.  "Heels — raise!  Sink!"1  is  the  move- 
ment proper. 

The  starting  position  must  not  be  held  throughout  the 
exercise,  if  it  is  of  such  a  nature  that  a  good  position  is  not 
maintained.  This  is  shown  in  the  balance  exercises  of  the 
ninth  day's  order,  first  year: 

Xeck  firm  and  left  foot  forward — place!  Heels — raise! 
Sink!  Feet — change!  Etc. 

"Neck— firm!"  is  a  hard  position  for  that  grade  to  hold 

2 


18  INTRODUCTION 

well,  when  an  exercise  is  given  requiring  a  change  of  feet. 
It  is  better  to  bring  the  arms  down  before  the  movement 
is  taken  with  the  changed  position  of  the  feet.  This  rule 
is  general. 

Combined  Movements.  Combined  movements  are  com- 
posed of  a  number  of  single  movements  united  under  one 
command.  They  may  be  of  like  parts  or  of  different  parts 
of  the  body.  Arm  stretchings  of  the  arm  and  foot  placings 
of  the  leg  are  given  as  combined  movements.  Arms  side- 
ways and  upward — stretch!  Left  foot  placing  forward  and 
sideways — go!  Hips  firm  and  feet — close!  Arms  side- 
ways stretch,  and  feet  sideways — place!  are  examples  of 
this  class.  The  order  exercises,  after  the  "eleventh  day's 
order,"  are  of  this  kind.  Many  of  the  starting  positions  are 
given  as  combinations,  where  different  parts  of  the  body 
move  at  the  same  time,  executed  either  in  the  same  or  in 
a  different  number  of  counts.  An  example  of  this  is  found 
in. the  lateral  trunk  exercise  of  the  tenth  day's  order,  first 
year: 

Hips  firm  and  feet  sideways — place!  has  one  count  for 
the  hands  and  two  for  the  feet.  The  rule  is  general  that  in 
an  uneven  number  of  counts  the  last  count  or  counts 
take  the  combined  movement.  The  teacher  must  keep  in 
mind  that  in  exercises  of  this  kind  the  pause  must  be  of 
sufficient  length  to  enable  the  class  to  understand  clearly 
the  combination.  The  length  varies  with  the  grade,  the 
amount  of  previous  training,  and  with  the  difficulty  of  the 
exercise. 

Series.  Exercises  or  movements  in  series  are  done  by 
successively  repeating  the  same,  either  a  certain  number 


INTRODUCTION  19 

of  times  indicated  in  the  command,  or  until  some  signal  to 
stop  is  given.  The  terms  "halt !"  or  "class — halt !"  are  the 
common  ones  used  to  end  a  series.  When  "class — halt!"  is 
given,  two  counts  at  least  are  allowed  to  finish.  The 
rhythm  of  the  command  to  halt  should  be  the  same  as  in  the 
series.  Marching,  marking  time,  quick  time,  and  spring 
jumps  belong  to  series  work.  The  stimulating  value  of 
series  exercise  is  great.  They  are  given  quite  extensively 
in  the  upper  grades,  where  the  correct  form  of  the  move- 
ment has  been  previously  secured. 

Counting.  Counting  may  generally  be  used  in  repeating 
an  exercise  or  a  movement.  It  is  in  many  cases  desirable, 
not  only  for  economizing  the  time,  but  to  give  variety  to 
the  commands.  The  time  element  in  the  class  room  is  a 
very  important  factor.  The  words  "repeat"  or  "the 
same"  followed  by  the  counts  in  the  rhythm  of  the  move- 
ment, may  also  be  substituted  for  the  words  of  the  com- 
mand. Thus,  in  the  balance  exercise  of  the  fifth  day's 
order,  first  year: 

Neck — firm!  Heels — raise!  Sink!  Raise!  Sink!  or 
Repeat!  One!  Two! 

Also  in  the  breathing  exercise  of  the  third  day's  order: 

Arms  sideways — raise!  Sink!  With  deep  breathing — 
repeat!  One!  Two! 

Always  count  for  the  breathing  exercises  after  having 
first  given  the  movement  to  command.  Always  count  for 
the  jump.  It  is  better  for  the  teacher  to  do  the  most  of 
the  counting  in  the  first  year;  in  the  second  and  in  the  third 
years  the  class  may  count  with  the  teacher  or  alone;  the 
higher  grades  may  work  without  loud  counting,  if  their 


20  INTRODUCTION 

sense  of  rhythm  has  been  well  trained.  In  the  four  upper 
grades  it  is  advisable  to  vary  the  rhythm  from  the  common 
rhythm  of  that  particular  movement,  but  in  no  case  should 
it  be  so  fast  that  the  form  is  sacrificed.  The  time  should 
also  occasionally  be  changed  in  the  lower  grades,  as  a 
careful  training  in  this  is  essential. 

Balancing  an  Exercise.  If  an  exercise  is  unilateral,  it 
must  be  balanced — i.  e.,  the  same  movement  must  be  given 
under  like  conditions  to  both  sides  of  the  bod}-.  For 
example,  in  the  leg  exercise  of  the  third  day's  order,  first 
year : 

Left  foot  forward — place!  Replace!  Right  foot  forward- 
place!  Replace!  Left  foot  forward — place!  Replace!  Right 
foot  forward — place!  Replace!  or,  Left  foot  forward — place! 
Replace!  Left  foot  forward — place!  Replace!  Right  foot 
forward — place!  Replace!  Rigid  foot  forward — place!  Re- 
place! Also  in  the  balance  exercise: 

Neck  firm  and  left  foot  forward — place!  Heels — raise! 
Sink!  Heels — raise!  Sink!  Feet— change!  Heels — raise! 
Sink!  Heeh — raise!  Sink!  Position. 

The  movement  is  usually  executed  with  the  left  side,  or 
toward  the  left,  first,  but  it  is  well  occasionally  to  reverse 
this  order.  For  convenience  these  lessons  are  arranged, 
designating  "left"  first.  The  word  in  parenthesis  (left) 
or  (right)  indicates  that  the  same  movement  is  to  be 
done  with  that  segment,  in  that  direction,  or  to  that 
side,  as  in  the  order  exercise  of  the  third  clay's  order, 
first  year: 

1  side  step  to  left  (right] — march!  or  1  side  step  to  left- 
march!  1  side  step  to  right — march! 


INTRODUCTION  21 

Formation.  The  greatest  working  space  in  the 
ordinary  class-room  is  given  when  the  pupils  stand 
between  the  desks.  The  class  should  be  arranged 
with  the  shortest  ones  in  front.  It  is  difficult  to  see 
the  faults  of  the  smaller  pupils  when  they  are  not 
placed  according  to  height.  In  many  exercises  requiring 
the  arms  stretched  sideways,  the  hands  of  the  neighboring 
pupils  touch.  If  a  diagonal  formation  is  given,  this  diffi- 
culty disappears:  "Half  left  face."  It  is  necessary  in 
giving  side  steps  and  in  some  of  the  jumps  to  give  first 
"left  (or  right)  face."  For  convenience  the  class  may  be 
faced  in  any  direction,  but  it  should  not  be  kept  for 
any  length  of  time  facing  the  strong  light  from  windows. 
Some  positions  are  better  seen  from  the  rear,  as  "neck 
firm,"  some  from  the  side,  as  "trunk  forward  bend." 
Do  not  always  teach  from  the  front  of  the  room;  move 
about. 

Position.  The  word  "position"  is  used  to  bring  the  class 
to  the  fundamental  standing  position  from  any  position 
other  than  "in  place  rest"  or  "rest."'  After  the  rest  posi- 
tion, the  word  "attention"  is  used.  The  word  "position" 
unqualified  brings  to  the  fundamental  standing  position 
in  the  quickest  and  shortest  way.  It  is  used  in  connection 
with  the  starting  position  more  often  than  with  the  move- 
ment proper.  It  is  usually  best  to  bring  back  to  the  funda- 
mental position  in  the  same  way  that  the  movement  was 
taken,  and  therefore  it  is  advisable,  in  the  absence  of 
special  instruction,  to  indicate  before  the  word  "position," 
if  other  than  the  shortest  way  is  desired.  In  general  no 
such  instructions  are  given  in  the  lessons,  but  must  be 


INTRODUCTION 

supplied  by  the  teacher.  This  is  illustrated  in  the  balance 
exercise  of  the  sixth  day's  order,  first  year: 

Arms  sideways — stretch!  One!  Two!  Feet  sidewayr, — 
place!  One!  Two!  Heels — raise!  Sink!  Feet  together — 
place!  One!  Two!  In  two  counts — position!  (Arms 
downward — stretch !) 

In  place — rest!  Always  bring  the  class  to  the  funda- 
mental standing  position  before  giving  "In  place — rest!'' 
This  must  be  given  at  the  close  of  each  class  of  exercises — 
i.e.,  between  the  order  and  the  leg,  between  the  leg  and 
the  head,  etc.  The  rest  position  must  not  be  held  too  long; 
three  or  four  seconds  are  usually  long  enough,  unless  some 
explanation  of  the  exercise  is  necessary.  When  a  new 
movement  is  first  given,  or  when  a  faulty  position  cannot 
be  corrected  in  a  few  words,  give  the  rest  position,  in  order 
that  the  movement  may  be  illustrated  or  more  fully 
explained.  Never  illustrate,  give  a  long  explanation,  or 
ask  a  question  while  the  class  stands  at  "attention,"  or  in 
any  position  other  than  the  "rest"'  position,  though  short 
explanations  in  the  nature  of  corrections  may  be  given  in 
the  upper  grades.  Better  results  are  obtained  when  strict 
mental  attention  and  its  accompanying  physical  positions 
are  expected  and  demanded  in  an  exercise.  These  cannot 
be  given  by  the  pupil  when  the  teacher  is  illustrating,  is 
giving  a  long  explanation,  or  requires  an  answer  to  some 
question.  The  attention  during  the  illustration  should  be 
concentrated  upon  the  demonstration,  and  in  order  that 
this  may  be  done  the  pupil  must  be  free  to  move  within 
certain  limits,  that  he  may  see  clearly.  It  is  not  pedagog- 
ical to  insist  upon  a  certain  thing  and  then  to  make  the 


INTRODUCTION  23 

conditions  such  that  it  is  impossible  to  accomplish  that 
thing.  What  we  want  is  satisfactory  physical  positions 
in  small  doses,  attention  in  small  doses.  The  physical 
"position"  is  the  mental  "attention,"  and  both  must  have 
their  quick  and  accurate  response.  Words  of  caution  and 
class  correction  are  constantly  needed  while  the  class  is 
working. 

Manner.  The  standing  position  of  the  teacher  while 
conducting  a  lesson  should  be  an  active  one — i.  e.,  standing 
firmly  upon  both  feet  with  the  head  in  a  good  position ;  it 
is  not,  however,  a  stiff  attitude.  The  manner  before  the 
class  greatly  influences  the  power  of  the  commands  and 
the  response  to  them.  It  is  very  suggestive  to  the  class 
and  cannot  but  react  upon  it. 

Preparation.  The  lesson  must  be  perfectly  learned  and 
each  movement  should  carry  with  it  an  appreciation  of  the 
feeling  of  such  movement.  This  trained  feeling  governs 
the  correct  length  of  time  the  position  is  to  be  held,  the 
number  of  times  the  movement  is  to  be  repeated,  and  it 
also  decides  the  rhythm.  The  psychological,  as  well  as 
the  physiological,  results  to  be  gained  from  each  exercise, 
also  those  to  be  gained  from  the  lesson  as  a  whole,  must 
be  kept  in  mind. 

Instruction.  The  teacher  should  be  able  to  analyze  an 
exercise  or  a  movement  and  intelligently  to  develop  the 
same  from  its  parts.  This  is  necessary  in  all  new  movements 
and  in  all  new  combinations.  Besides  the  description,  it 
is  best  to  give  an  accurate  demonstration  of  the  movement, 
since  by  uniting  the  two  a  double  association  is  formed, 
sight  and  hearing,  the  former  usually  the  stronger  of  the 


24  INTRODUCTION 

two.  A  practical  illustration  is  hotter  than  a  long  explana- 
tion. Give  all  the  aids  which  the  age  and  development 
of  the  child  demand. 

Distribution.  \Yhen  a  new  movement  is  difficult,  more 
time  may  be  given  to  it  at  first  than  is  allowed  later.  Each 
has  its  special  place,  and  a  uniformity  of  time  for  each  will 
result  in  the  desired  totality.  Simply  because  the  class 
does  one  exercise  better  than  the  others,  is  no  reason  why 
that  particular  one  should  be  limited.  It  has  its  own 
special  place  and  value  and  no  other  class  of  exercises  in 
the  lesson  can  be  substituted. 

Correction  of  Faults.  There  are  several  ways  of  correct- 
ing faulty  positions.  The  most  general  one  is  by  class 
correction,  "heads  up!"  "palms  down!"  "fingers  close!" 
"heels  together!"  This  is  often  sufficient  in  correcting  a 
general  class  error,  and  is  also  used  in  correcting  an  indi- 
vidual, especially  if  the  pupil  is  not  within  easy  reach.  It 
is  not  best  in  making  an  individual  correction  to  indicate 
the  pupil  by  name,  since  this  has  a  tendency  to  direct  the 
attention  of  the  class  toward  the  one  at  fault,  at  least  in 
the  lower  grades,  ("lass  corrections  must  be  given  in  as 
few  words  as  possible.  Manual  corrections,  where  the 
teacher  assists  the  pupil  to  a  correct  position,  are  often  a 
necessity.  The  untrained  muscular  sense  of  the  required 
position,  or  the  physical  inability  to  take  that  position 
unaided,  are  common  faults.  Where  a  majority  of  the  class 
does  not  understand  the  movement,  it  is  best  to  make  the 
correction  by  illustration,  by  explanation,  or  both.  For 
this  purpose  the  class  must  be  in  the  rest  position.  Train 
the  eye  to  see  and  the  ear  to  hear  the  faults  quickly,  and 


INTRODUCTION  25 

correct  the  major  ones  first.  All  cannot  be  corrected  at 
one  time,  or  in  one  lesson,  and  the  teacher  must  often  be 
temporarily  satisfied  with  approximately  good  positions. 
Always  insist  upon  the  best  position  of  the  head  that  the 
pupil  is  able  to  give.  Have  an  ideal  standard  for  all  exer- 
cises and  work  toward  it,  but  recognize  the  fact  that  there 
is  an  individual  standard  for  each  pupil  which  must  not  be 
ignored.  It  is  a  movable  one,  however,  and  should  advance 
toward  the  ideal. 


pIG    2.— FEET  CLOSE.    HIPS  FIRM. 


(26) 


PART  I. 


FIRST   YEAR. 


0*7) 


FIG.  3.— HEAD  BACKWARD  BEND. 


28  ) 


FIRST  YEAR  29 


FIRST  DAY'S  ORDER. 

Attention!    Class — stand!    One!    Two!    Three! 

Order.     Class — attention!    Left  foot  in  place — rest!    Fig.  1. 

Leg.     Class — attention!    Feet — close!    Feet — open!    Right 

foot  in  place — rest!    Fig.  2. 
Head.     Head  backward — bend!    Raise!    Fig.  3. 
Arm.     Hips — firm!    Position!    Fig.  2. 
Breathing.    Deep  breathing — one!    Two! 
Class— sit!     One!     Two!    Three!     Rest! 

In  sitting,  "attention"  means  to  sit  well  back  in  the  seat, 
but  not  to  lean  against  it,  back  erect,  hands  on  top  of  the  desk. 
Class — stand!  One!  Two!  Three!  On  " one"  bring  the  hands 
to  the  sides;  on  "  two,"  the  left  or  right  foot  into  the  aisle;  on 
"three,"  stand  in  the  fundamental  position. 

Order.  Class — attention  !  brings  to  the  fundamental  stand- 
ing position,  which  is:  heels  together  and  toes  turned  out,  knees 
straight,  body  erect,  with  chest  high,  head  up  and  hips  back, 
arms  straight  at  the  sides,  fingers  straight  and  close  together, 
palms  toward  the  body.  "Class — attention!"  is  always  given 
after  "In  place — rest!"  to  call  the  class  to  the  fundamental 
standing  position,  before  proceeding  with  the  next  exercise. 
Do  not  say  "attention"  when  the  class  is  in  the  fundamental 
position. 

Left  footin place — rest .'  Place  the  left  or  right  foot  diagonally 
forward  and  stand  at  ease,  but  never  in  a  lounging  position. 
Do  not  give  the  rest  position  with  one  foot  more  often  than 
with  the  other.  "In  place  rest  "  must  always  be  given  after 
each  exercise — after  the  order,  the  leg,  the  head,  etc.  It  is 
always  taken  from  the  fundamental  standing  position. 


30  GYMNASTIC  EXERCISES 

Leg.  Feet — close!  Bring  the  inner  sides  of  the foet  together. 
In  doing  this,  raise  the  balls  of  the  feet  and  use  the  heels  as 
pivots.  The  feet  must  not  slide  along  the  floor;  the  heels  must 
be  kept  together;  there  should  be  as  little  motion  of  the  body 
as  possible. 

Head.  Head  backward — bend!  Start  by  pulling  the  chin 
back  and  then  bend  the  head  back  as  far  as  possible  without 
relaxing  the  neck  muscles.  In  raising  the  head,  stop  at  the 
highest  point.  "Head  backward  bend"  may  be  given  in  a 
lesson  whenever  it  is  needed  to  correct  a  bad  head  position. 

Ann.  Hips — firm!  Place  the  hands  upon  the  hips,  thumbs 
back,  fingers  together,  to  the  front  and  pointing  obliquely 
downward,  wrist  straight  and  elbows  back.  Position!  brings 
to  the  fundamental  standing  position. 

Breathing.  On  "one"  inhale,  on  "two"  exhale.  Give 
this  movement,  always  in  the  rhythm  of  deep  breathing, 
several  times.  The  arms  may  be  turned,  palms  forward,  as 
the  breath  is  taken  in. 

Class— sit!  One!  Two!  Three!  On  "one"  place  the  foot 
toward  the  seat,  on  "two"  sit,  on  "three"  take  the  funda- 
mental position,  which  is  the  position  of  attention. 

"Rest!"  is  the  word  for  ending  the  lesson.    Sit  at  ease. 


FIRST  YEAR  31 


SECOND  DAY'S  ORDER, 

Order.     Class — attention!    Left  foot  in  place — rest! 

Leg.     Left  (right)  foot  sideivays — place!    Replace! 

Head.  Hips — firm!  Head  backward — bend!  Raise!  Posi- 
tion! 

Arm.     Arms  upward — bend!    Downward — stretch!    Fig.  4. 

Balance.  Hips — firm!  Left  foot  sideways — place!  Heels 
— raise!  Sink!  Foot — replace!  Position! 

Back.     Xeck — firm!     Position!     Fig.  5.  N^ 

Breathing.  Arms  sideways — raise!  Deep  breathing — one! 
Two!  Arms — sink!  Fig.  6. 

Leg.  Left  foot  sideways — place !  Place  the  left  foot  directly 
to  the  left  one  foot  length,  keeping  the  original  angle  of  the 
feet,  the  weight  of  the  body  equally  between  the  feet. 

Foot — replace!  Press  off  with  the  ball  of  the  left  foot  by 
slightly  extending  the  ankle  and  bring  the  foot  back  to  the 
original  position. 

Arm.  Arms  upward — bend!  Turn  the  palms  of  the  hand 
out  and  flex  the  forearm  upon  the  upper  arm,  keeping  the 
elbows  close  to  the  sides;  the  tips  of  the  fingers  rest  upon  the 
shoulders  and  in  the  same  lateral  plane.  This  movement 
in  the  lower  grades  is  done  in  a  moderately  slow  rhythm  to 
insure  a  correct  position  of  what  might  otherwise  easily  be  a 
faulty  one. 

Arms  downward — stretch!  Stretch  the  arms  forcibly  down- 
ward with  the  fingers  leading. 

Balance.  Heels — raise!  Lift  the  heels,  rising  as  high  on 
the  toes  as  possible,  keeping  the  heels  together  and  the  body 


FIG.  4. — ARMS  UPWARD  BEND. 


FIG.  5. — XECK  FIRM. 
3 


(33) 


34  GYMNASTIC  EXERCISES 

from  swaying.  Take  a  point  as  an  eyemark  directly  in  front 
and  a  little  above  the  eye.  This  should  be  done  in  all  balance 
movements.  Balance  exercises  as  such  should  be  done  in  a 
slow  rhythm,  for  if  quickened  they  take  more  the  nature  of 
leg  or  of  abdominal  exercises. 

Back.  Neck — firm!  Bring  the  hands  quickly  to  the  back 
of  the  neck,  fingers  and  thumbs  held  as  in  the  fundamental 
position.  The  tips  of  the  opposite  fingers  just  touch;  the 
elbows  are  flexed  to  the  limit  and  point  directly  to  the  sides, 
the  upper  arms  on  a  height  with  the  shoulders. 

Breathing.  Arms  sideways — raise!  Keeping  the  arms  per- 
fectly straight,  as  in  the  fundamental  position,  raise  slowly 
directly  toward  the  sides  to  the  height  of  the  shoulders;  both 
arms  must  be  on  the  same  level,  palms  toward  the  floor. 

Deep  breathing — one!  Two!  The  arms  will  move  slightly, 
with  the  breathing,  but  it  is  not  best  to  call  the  attention  of 
the  class  to  this  fact,  else  the  movement  is  apt  to  be  exag- 
gerated. 


FIRST  YEAR  35 


THIRD  DAY'S  ORDER. 

Order.  I  step  to  left  (right) — march!  One!  Two!  Guide- 
front  ! 

Leg.  Hips — firm!  Left  (right)  foot  forward  (backward)— 
place!  Replace!  Position! 

Head.  Hips — firm!  Left  (right)  foot  sideways — place! 
Head  backward — bend!  Raise!  Foot — replace!  Position! 

Arm.  Arms  upward — bend!  Sideways — stretch!  Bend! 
Downward — stretch!  Fig.  6. 

Balance.     Hips — firm!     Heels — raise!    Sink!     Position! 

Back.     Xeck — firm!    Hips — firm!    Change!    Position! 

Breathing.  Arms  sideways — raise !  Sink !  With  deep 
breath  ing — repeat !  One !  Two ! 

Order.  1  step  to  left — march !  Place  the  left  foot  sideways 
on  "one."  Bring  the  right  foot  to  the  left  with  the  heels 
together  on  "two."  The  counts  must  not  follow  each  other 
too  quickly  in  the  lower  grades. 

Guide — front!  Stand  directly  behind  the  one  in  front  at 
the  correct  distance,  which  is  between  the  seats.  This  com- 
mand may  be  given  whenever  the  class  is  out  of  alignment. 

Leg.  Left  foot  forward  (backward) — place!  Place  the  left 
foot  directly  forward  one  and  one-half  foot  lengths,  keeping 
the  original  angle  of  the  feet  with  the  weight  equally  dis- 
tributed between  both.  Backward  placing  is  the  same  in  the 
opposite  direction.  Be  careful  that  the  shoulders  are  square 
to  the  front.  In  replacing  the  foot,  press  off  with  the  ball, 
slightly  extending  the  ankle. 


3<i  GYMNASTIC  EXERCISES 

Arm.  Arms  sideways — stretch!  First  turn  the  forearm  so 
that  the  fingers  point  directly  toward  the  sides,  and  then 
quickly  and  forcibly  extend  the  arms  in  that  direction;  they 
should  be  on  a  height  with  the  shoulders,  not  in  front  of  the 
shoulder-joints;  the  palms  should  be  turned  toward  the  floor, 
unless  otherwise  indicated  in  the  command.  All  arm  exer- 
cises when  correctly  done  have  a  beneficial  influence  upon  the 
chest  and  upper  back  muscles.  They  are  corrective. 

Balance.  I  feels — raise!  Rise  as  high  on  the  toes  as  pos- 
sible, at  the  same  time  keeping  the  heels  together.  Avoid 
swaying  the  body. 

Breathing.  With  deep  breathing — repeat!  One!  Two! 
Breathe  in  deeply  as  the  arms  are  raised;  breathe  out  as  the 
arms  are  lowered,  to  the  counts  of  "one,"  "two."  In  breath- 
ing exercises,  give  the  movement  first  by  command  and  then 
by  counts.  The  command  "with  deep  breathing"  may  pre- 
cede the  word  "repeat."  Be  exceedingly  careful  of  the 
rhythm  and  never  hold  the  position  at  the  end  of  an  inhalation 
while  corrections  are  being  made.  If  corrections  are  to  be 
made,  the  time  to  do  so  is  lief  ore  the  command  "with  deep 
breathing"  is  given.  The  arm  movement  is  a  mechanical  aid 
in  breathing. 


FIG.  6. — ARMS  SIDEWAYS  STRETCH      ARMS  SIDEWAYS  RAISE. 

(37) 


38  GYMNASTIC  EXERCISES 


FOURTH  DAY'S  ORDER. 

Order.     I  step  forward  (backward) — march!    One!    Two! 
Leg.     Hips — firm!     Feet  sideways — place!     Left!     Right! 

Feet  together — place!  Left!  Right!  Knees — bend!  Stretch! 

Position! 
Head.     Hips — firm!    Head  to  left  (right)— twist!    Forward 

— twist !    Position ! 
Arm.     Arms  sideways — stretch!  One!  Two!  Repeat!  One! 

Two!     Downward — stretch!     One!     Two! 
Balance.    Neck — firm!    Feet  sideways — place!    One!  Two! 

Heels — raise!    Sink!    Feet  together — place!    Position! 
Back.     Left  hip- — firm!  Right  neck — firm!  Hands — change! 

Change!    Position. 
Breathing.     Arms  sideways  and  heeb-  -raise!     Arms  and 

heels — sink!    Repeat!    One!     Two! 

Order.  1  step  forward  (backward)- — march!  One!  Two! 
Place  the  left  foot  forward  on  "one."  Bring  the  right  to  the 
left,  with  heels  together,  on  "two." 

Leg.  Feet  side  ways —place!  Left!  Right!  Place  the  left 
foot  directly  to  the  left  one  foot  length  on  "left."  Place  the 
right  foot  to  the  right  one  foot  length  on  "right."  There 
should  be  no  unnecessary  movement  of  the  body,  and  the 
weight  should  be  equally  distributed  between  both  feet. 

Feet  together — place!  First  the  left  and  then  the  right  foot 
is  brought  to  the  starting  position. 

Knees — bend!  Bend  the  knees  to  an  obtuse  angle,  keeping 
the  heels  on  the  floor,  the  knees  apart  and  the  body  erect. 


FIRST  YEAR  39 

Head.  Head  to  left — twist!  Turn  the  head  slowly  to  the 
left  as  far  as  possible  without  moving  the  shoulders.  Keep 
the  chin  in  the  same  parallel  plane  with  the  floor  as  in  the 
fundamental  standing  position. 

Arm.  Arms  sideways — stretch!  One!  Two!  Bend  the  arms 
upward  on  "one,"  stretch  sideways  on  "two."  In  all  arm 
extensions  the  bend  is  usually  taken  on  the  first  count.  Keep 
in  mind  that  the  bend  is  a  slower  movement  than  the  stretch, 
therefore  there  is  more  emphasis  placed  upon  the  second 
count  than  upon  the  first. 

Back.  Arms — change!  Make  the  movement  upon  the 
word  "change."  when  the  left  hand  is  placed  at  the  back  of 
the  neck  and  the  right  hand  upon  the  hip. 

Breathing.  Arms  sideways  and  heels — raise!  This  is  an 
easy  combined  movement  and  like  all  in  this  class,  besides 
being  easy  of  coordination,  is  easy  physically. 

Deep  breathing  with  the  arm  movement  only  may  be  given 
to  end  the  lesson. 


FIG.  7. — ARMS  FOHWAHD  STRETCH.     ARMS  FORWARD  RAISE. 
(40) 


FIRST  YEAR  41 


FIFTH  DAY'S  ORDER. 

Order.     Left  (right)— face!    One!    Two! 

Leg.  Hips — firm!  Left  (right)  foot  outward— place !  Re- 
place! Position! 

Head.     Head  rotation — one!    Two!    Three!    Four! 

Arm.  Arms  upward — bend!  Forward — stretch!  Bend! 
Stretch!  Downward — stretch!  One!  Two!  Fig.  7. 

Balance.     Neck — firm!    Heels — raise!    Sink!    Position! 

Back.  Hips— firm!  Feet  sideways — place!  One!  Two! 
Trunk  forward — bend!  Raise!  Feet  together — place! 
Position!  Fig.  8. 

Breathing.  Arms  sideways — raise!  Arms — turn!  Arms 
upward — raise!  Sideways — sink!  Repeat!  One!  Two! 
Arms — turn!  Sink!  Fig.  12. 

Order.  Left  (right)— face !  One !  Two !  Lift  the  toes  of  the 
left  foot  and  turn  ninety  degrees  to  the  left,  using  the  left  heel 
as  a  pivot  on  "one."  Bring  the  right  foot  to  the  left  in  the 
fundamental  standing  position  on  "two."  As  soon  as  the 
turn  is  made  on  the  left  heel,  the  whole  of  the  left  foot  is 
placed  upon  the  floor  and  the  weight  of  the  body  is  transferred 
to  that  foot. 

Right — face!  is  done  on  the  right  heel,  turning  toward  the 
right  ninety  degrees.  The  facings  are  rather  difficult  and, 
therefore,  must  be  taught  very  carefully,  but  they  are  of  so 
much  value  in  formations  and  so  convenient  in  teaching  that 
it  is  advisable  to  introduce  them  early.  When  left  and  right 


42  GYMNASTIC  EXERCISES 

facings  arc  once  learned ,  half  and  about  facings  arc-  also 
learned. 

Leg.  Left  foot  outward — place!  Place  the  left  foot  diag- 
onally forward  left  one  and  one-half  foot  lengths;  the  toes 
should  point  in  the  same  direction  as  in  the  fundamental 
standing  position.  Guard  against  a  twisting  of  the  trunk. 

Head.  Head  rotation — one!  Two!  Three!  Four!  Turn 
the  head  to  the  left  on  "one,"  to  the  front  on  "two,"  to  the 
right  on  "three."  to  the  front  on  "four." 

Arm.  Forward — stretch!  Stretch  the  arms  directly  for- 
ward, fingers  leading,  on  a  height  with  the  shoulders.  Care 
must  be  taken  that  the  shoulder-blades  and  the  hips  are  kept 
back.  This  movement  is  very  liable  to  faults  and  must  be 
watched. 

Back.  Trunk  forward — bend!  Bend  the  trunk  forward 
from  the  hips;  keep  the  head  well  up;  the  face  should  be 
toward  the  front  and  not  toward  the  floor.  The  spine  should 
be  straight  and  the  shoulder-blades  well  back. 

Breathing.  Arms — turn!  Arms  upward — raise!  Turn  the 
hands  so  that  the  palms  are  up.  This  is  the  starting  position 
for  the  breathing  exercise.  Raise  the  arms  directly  upward 
toward  the  head,  at  the  same  time  keeping  the  head  well  back. 


TIG.  8. — TRUNK  FORWARD  BEND. 


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44  GYMNASTIC  EXERCISES 


SIXTH  DAY'S  ORDER. 

Order.  Left — face!  One!  Two!  2  side  steps  to  left  (right) 
—march!  One!— Two!  One!— Two!  Right— face! 

Leg.  Hips — firm!  Left  (right)  foot  backward-outward — 
place!  Replace!  Position! 

Head.  Hips — firm!  Head  to  left  (right) — bend!  Raise! 
Position ! 

Arm.  Anns  upward — bend!  Backward — stretch!  Bend! 
Stretch!  Downward — stretch!  One!  Two!  Fig.  9. 

Balance.     Arms   sideways — stretch!     One!     Two!     Feet 
sideways — place!     One!    Two!     Heels — raise!    Sink! 
Feet   together — place!     One!     Two!     Position!     One! 
Two! 

Back.  Hips — firm!  Trunk  forward — bend!  Raise!  Posi- 
tion! 

Breathing.  With  palms  up,  arms  sideways — raise!  Arms 
upward  raise  and  knees — bend!  Anns  sideways  sink  and 
knees— stretch !  Repeat!  One!  Two!  Arms  downward- 
sink! 

Order.  2  side  steps  to  left — march!  One! — Two!  One!— 
Two!  Two  side  steps  to  left  is  done  by  taking  one  side  step 
to  left  twice  in  succession,  counting  one;  .two,  one,  two  or 
one,  two,  three,  four. 

Leg.  Lefl  foot  backward-outward — place!  Place  the  left 
foot  diagonally  backward  one  and  one-half  foot  lengths,  half 
way  between  backward  and  sideways.  Keep  the  same  angle 
of  the  feet  as  in  the  fundamental  standing  position. 


FIG.  9. — ARMS  BACKWARD  STRETCH 


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46  GYMNASTIC  EXERCISES 

Head.  Head  to  left — bend!  Slowly  bond  the  head  diag- 
onally to  the  left  without  any  twisting.  The  fare  should  look 
in  the  same  direction  as  in  the  starting  position.  There  should 
be  no  movement  of  the  shoulders. 

Arm.  Anns  backward — stretch!  Stretch  the  arms  back- 
ward, fingers  leading,  wrists  straight,  arms  toward  each  other. 
There  should  be  no  movement  of  the  head  or  shoulders. 


FIG.  10. — ARMS  TO  STAR  POSITION  STRETCH. 


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4S  GYMNASTIC  EXERCISES 


SEVENTH  DAY'S  ORDER, 

Order.  2  steps  forward  (backward) — march!  One!  Two! 
Three!  Guide— left  (right)!  Front! 

Leg.  Hips  firm  and  feet — close!  Left  (right)  foot  forward 
—place!  Replace!  Hands  down  and  feet — open!  or 
Position! 

Head.  Hips — firm!  Head  to  left  (right) — bend!  Head- 
raise!  Position! 

Arm.  Arms  upward — bend!  Arms  to  star  position— 
stretcJi!  Bend!  Stretch!  Downward — stretch!  Fig.  10. 

Balance.  Arms  sideways — stretch!  Heels — raise!  Sink! 
Arms  downward — stretch!  or,  In  two  counts — position! 

Back.     Arm*  forward — bend!     Position!     Fig.   11. 

Breathing.  With  palms  up,  arms  sideways — raise!  Arms 
upward  and  heels — raise!  Arms  sideways  and  heels— 
sink!  Repeat!  One!  Two!  Arms  downward— sink! 

Order.  2  steps  forward  (backward) — march!  One!  Two! 
Three!  Place  the  left  foot  forward  on  "one,"  the  right  foot 
forward  on  "  two,"  and  bring  the  left  foot  to  the  right  with  the 
heels  together  on  "three." 

Guide — left!  Turn  the  head  to  the  left  and  stand  in  the 
same  plane  as  the  pupil  on  the  extreme  left,  or  on  a  line  with 
some  indicated  object.  Front!  brings  the  head  again  toward 
the  front.  This  command,  or  "  Guide —front !"  maybe  given 
whenever  poor  alignment  makes  it  necessary. 

Leg.  Hips  firm  and  feet — close!  A  combined  movement 
of  the  hands  and  the  feet,  taken  as  a  starting  position  for  the 


FIG.  11.  —  ARMS  FORWARD  BEND. 


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50  GYMNASTIC  EXERCISES 

leg  movement  proper.  Both  the  hands  and  the  feet  move 
together  and  take  but  one  count.  When  only  one  count  is 
required  in  combinations,  the  count  is  omitted,  as  the  word 
of  command  is  sufficient. 

Left  foot  forward — place!  Place  the  left  foot  directly  forward 
one  and  one-half  foot  lengths,  keeping  the  toes  pointing  for- 
ward. 

Position !  (Hands  down  and  feet — open !)  It  is  better  at  first 
to  signify  both  parts  of  the  body  to  be  moved.  Later  the 
word  "position"  is  sufficient.  Hereafter  in  an  exercise  when 
only  the  word  "position"  is  used,  keep  in  mind  and  give  a 
fuller  command  if  necessary. 

Arm.  Arms  to  star  position — stretch!  Stretch  the  arms 
diagonally  sideways-upward,  keeping  the  palms  toward  each 
other  and  the  arms  well  back.  This  position  is  easier  than 
and  preparatory  to  arm  stretching  upward.  Keep  the  head 
up. 

Balance.  In  two  counts — position!  If  "position"  is  to  be 
taken  in  two  counts,  signify  this  either  by  some  previous 
direction,  or  by  words  of  caution,  preceding  the  word  of 
execution.  "Position"  unqualified  brings  to  the  fundamental 
standing  position  in  the  most  direct  way.  For  some  move- 
ments the  most  direct  way  is  in  two  counts.  It  is  usual  to 
bring  back  to  the  fundamental  position  in  the  same  manner 
that  the  exercise  was  taken,  but  this  is  by  no  means  a  fixed 
rule.  In  the  higher  grades  it  is  often  well  to  vary. 

Back.  Arms  forward — bend!  Bend  the  arms  at  the  elbows 
to  their  limit,  bringing  the  arms  at  the  same  time  up  in  front 
of  the  chest  shoulder  high,  the  elbows  pointing  to  the  sides 
and  slightly  back;  the  palms  should  be  down,  wrists  straight, 
and  fingers  not  touching  the  opposite  hand.  The  back  of  the 
hand  should  be  held  so  that  a  marble  placed  upon  it  would 
not  roll  off. 


FIG.  12. — ARMS  UPWARD  STRETCH. 


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52  GYMNASTIC  EXERCISES 


EIGHTH  DAY'S  ORDER. 

Order.     Half  left  (right}—  face!    One!    Two! 

Leg.  Hips— firm!  Left  (right]  toes— raise!  Sink!  Posi- 
tion! 

Head.  Hips— firm!  Head  to  left  (right)— twist!  To  left 
(right) — bend!  Raise!  Forward — twist!  Position! 

Arm.  Anns  upward — bend!  Slowly  upward — stretch! 
Bend!  Stretch!  Downward — stretch!  Fig.  12. 

Balance.  Hips  firm  and  left  foot  forward — place!  Heels- 
raise!  Sink!  Feet — change!  Heels — raise!  Sink! 
Position! 

Back.  Arms  sideways — fling!  Arm  rotation — one!  Two! 
Position! 

Breathing.  Arms  sideways-upward  —  raise !  Sideways- 
downward — sink!  Repeat!  One!  Tiro! 

Order.  Half  left — face!  One!  Tiro!  In  the  same  general 
way  as  left  and  right  facings,  half  facings  are  done;  the  turn, 
however,  is  only  45°. 

Leg.  Left  toes — raise!  Raise  the  toes  of  the  left  foot,  keep- 
ing the  same  angle  of  the  feet,  the  heels  together  and  firmly 
on  the  floor;  there  should  be  no  unnecessary  swaying  of  the 
body. 

Head.  Head  to  left — twist!  To  left — bend!  This  is  a  com- 
bination of  a  twist  and  a  bend.  The  rotated  head  is  bent 
toward  the  shoulder-blade. 

Arm.  Arms  upward — stretch!  Stretch  the  arms  directly 
upward,  fingers  leading.  The  arms  should  be  perfectly  straight 


FIRST  YEAR  53 

and  close  to  the  head,  parallel  and  well  back,  the  palms  toward 
each  other.  Above  all,  keep  the  head  up  and  back.  If  the 
arms  cannot  take  the  correct  position,  at  the  same  time  keep- 
ing the  desired  head  position,  it  is  better  to  sacrifice  the  posi- 
tion of  the  arms  rather  than  that  of  the  head.  In  this  case, 
allow  the  pupils  to  take  the  star  position  of  the  arms,  or  some 
variation  between  it  and  upward  stretch.  Later  and  gradually 
a  more  vertical  position  may  be  safely  demanded.  The  move- 
ment should  be  taken  slowly  at  first. 

Balance.  Feet — change!  One!  Two!  Replace  the  left 
foot  on  "one."  Place  the  right  foot  forward  on  "two." 

Back.  Arms  sideways — fling!  Raise  the  arms  sideways  as 
quickly  as  possible.  "Fling"  indicates  a  quick  movement. 

Armrotation — one!  Two!  Turn  the  arms  with  the  palms 
up  on  "one."  Turn  the  arms  to  the  starting  position  with 
palms  down  on  "two." 

Breathing.  Arms  sideways-upward — raise!  On  a  height 
with  the  shoulder,  turn  the  arms,  bringing  the  palms  up,  but 
make  the  turning  without  any  pause  at  the  turning  point. 

Sideways-downward — sink!  On  a  height  with  the  shoulder, 
turn  the  arms,  bringing  the  palms  down,  which  is  the  reverse 
of  raising  the  arms. 

Repeat!  One!  Two!  The  arms  are  raised  all  the  way  up 
on  "one,"  and  brought  all  the  way  down  on  "two." 


54  GYMNASTIC  EXERCISES 


NINTH  DAY'S  ORDER. 

Order.     Left  (right)— face!    Half  left  (right)— face! 

Leg.  Hips — firm!  Left  toes — raise!  Alternate  toe  raising 
— right!  Left!  or,  one!  Two!  Toes — sink!  Position! 

Head.  Hips— firm!  Head  to  left  (right)— twist!  Back- 
ward— bend!  Raise!  Forward — twist!  Position! 

Arm.  Arms  tideways — stretch!  Forward — stretch!  Down- 
ward— stretch! 

Balance.  Neck  firm  and  left  foot  forward — place!  Heels — 
raise!  Sink!  Feet — change!  Resume.  Position! 

Back.  Arms  sideways — fling!  Arm  circling — one!  Two! 
Position! 

Breathing.  Arms  sideways-upward — raise!  Arms  side- 
ways-downward— sink !  Repeat !  One !  Two ! 

Leg.  Alternate  toe  raising — one!  Two!  As  the  left  toes  are 
lowered  the  right  toes  are  raised,  the  movement  being  done  in 
one  count.  Guard  against  increasing  the  rhythm,  a  tendency 
especially  when  the  movement  is  done  in  series.  The  normal 
rhythm  is  that  of  marching,  but  any  may  be  taken,  so  long 
as  it  is  kept. 

Head.  Head  to  left — twist!  Backward — bend!  This  exer- 
cise combines  the  head  rotation  with  the  backward  bend.  If 
the  rotation  is  toward  the  left,  bend  the  head  backward  toward 
the  right  shoulder. 

Balance.  Feet — change!  Resume.  After  the  change  of 
feet,  the  movement  proper  is  to  be  given  in  the  same  way,  if  a 
balance,  front  or  back  exercise;  in  the  opposite  direction  if 


FIRST  YEAR  55 

a  lateral  trunk;  and  the  same  number  of  times  as  in  the  first 
starting  position.  The  same  rule  governs  when  the  start- 
ing position  requires  a  change  of  arm  position.  The  word 
"resume"  always  indicates  this  and  refers  to  the  movement 
proper. 

Back.  Arms  circling — one!  Two!  Execute  a  circling 
motion  with  the  arms  by  raising  them  slightly,  carrying  them 
backward  and  then  downward  to  the  starting  position.  The 
shoulder-joint  is  at  the  apex  of  the  cone  described  by  the  arms; 
the  palms  remain  downward.  If  a  deep  breath  is  taken  at  the 
beginning  of  the  movement,  they  will  make  nearly  the  correct 
motion;  they  must  not  be  brought  forward  of  or  below  the 
starting  position. 

In  the  first  nine  lessons  a  special  head  exercise  is  introduced, 
after  which  it  is  omitted,  but  it  is  advisable  to  begin  all  lessons 
with  a  backward  bending  of  the  head.  It  is  well  also  to  give 
this  movement  whenever  it  is  needed  throughout  the  lesson 
to  correct  a  faulty  position  of  the  head.  All  lateral  trunk 
bendings  and  twistings  may  be  preceded  by  head  bendings  or 
twistings. 


56  GYMNASTIC  EXERCISES 


TENTH  DAY'S  ORDER. 

Order.     Left  (right)  about-face!    One!     Two! 

Leg.  Hips — firm!  Alternate  heel  and  toe  raising — one! 
Two!  Three!  Four !  or,  Heels — raise!  Sink!  Toes — 
raise!  Sink! 

Arm.  Anus  backward — stretch!  Upward — stretch!  Down- 
ward— stretch! 

Balance.  Arms  sideways  fling  and  left  (right)  foot  forward 
—place!  Heels — raise!  Sink!  Position! 

Front.  Hips — firm!  Trunk  backward — bend!  Raise!  For- 
ward— bend!  Raise!  Position!  Fig.  13. 

Back.  Arms  sideways — raise!  Arms — turn!  Half  side- 
ways— bend!  Position!  Fig.  14. 

Lateral  trunk.  Hips  firm  and  feet  sideways — place!  One! 
Two!  Trunk  to  left  (right) — bend!  Raise!  Hands  down 
and  feet  together — place!  One!  Two!  or,  Position!  One! 
Two!  Fig.  15. 

Jump.  Mark  time — mark!  Left!  Right!  or.  One!  Two! 
Class—halt!  One!  Two! 

Breathing.  Arms  sideways-upward  and  heels  —  raise! 
Arms  and  heels — sink!  Repeat!  One!  Two! 

Order.  Left  about — face!  One!  Two!  In  the  same  general 
way  as  left  and  right  facings,  about  facings  are  done.  The 
turn  is  180°  instead  of  00°.  A  little  more  time  should  be 
allowed  between  the  counts,  one  and  two.  than  in  the  90° 
turn. 


FIG.  13. — TRUNK  BACKWARD   BEND. 


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58  GYMNASTIC1  EXERCISES 


Fon 


eg,  Alternate  tied  and  toe  raisiny — one!  Two!  Three! 
r!  Raise  the  heels  on  "one,"  lower  them  on  "two,"  raise 
the  toes  on  "three,"  lower  them  on  "four."  Raising  on  the 
heels  is  more  difficult  of  adjustment  than  raising  on  the  toes, 
therefore  make  the  heel  raising  a  little  slower  and  the  time  of 
holding  the  position  a  little  shorter. 

Balance.  Arms  sideways  fling  and  left  foot  forward — place ! 
This  is  an  easy  combination;  the  movement  is  done  with  cue 
count. 

Front.  Trunk  backward — bend!  Bend  the  trunk  slightly 
backward,  localizing  the  bend  in  the  upper  part  of  the  back 
and  not  in  the  lower  part,  where  it  often  happens  that  there  is 
an  excess  curve.  This  exercise  is  of  great  value  to  the  upper 
part  of  the  trunk,  where  the  chest  is  apt  to  be  flat  and  the 
shoulders  stooped.  The  muscles  on  the  front  of  the  body,  the 
abdominal  muscles,  act  as  steadying  muscles  to  prevent  motion 
at  the  waist  and  hips.  They  are  strengthened  and  at  the  same 
time  the  internal  organs  are  stimulated.  As  this  is  a  difficult 
position,  it  cannot  be  held  long;  especially  is  this  true  in  the 
lower  grades.  The  head  should  go  with  the  trunk.  If  the 
majority  of  children  in  the  first,  or  in  the  second  years  cannot 
take  this  exercise  without  marked  faults,  it  is  better  to  omit 
it  entirely.  In  taking  it  in  these  grades,  there  should  only  be 
a  lifting  of  the  chest  and  a  slight  lowering  of  the  shoulders, 
such  as  might  result  from  taking  a  deep  breath. 

Back.  Arms  half  sideways — bend!  Bend  the  forearms, mak- 
ing a  right  angle  at  the  elbows  with  the  upper  arms;  the  palms 
should  be  facing  each  other;  the  elbows  the  same  height  as  the 
shoulders  and  in  the  same  lateral  plane. 

Lateral  trunk.  Trunk  to  left — bend!  Slowly  bend  the 
trunk  directly  to  the  left,  without  any  rotation  of  the  shoulders 
or  of  the  head;  the  head  and  shoulders  remain  in  the  same 
relative  position  to  each  other  as  in  the  fundamental  standing 
position;  keep  both  feet  firmly  on  the  floor.  The  starting 
position  is  a  combined  movement,  requiring  one  count  for  the 
hands  and  two  for  the  feet. 


FIG.  14. — ARMS  HALF  I'IDKWAYS   BEND. 


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GO  GYMNASTIC  EXERCISES 

IJips  firm  and  feet  sideways — place!  Place  the  left  foot  to 
the  left  on  "one,"  place  the  hands  on  the  hips  and  the  right 
foot  to  the  right  on  " two."  The  rule  for  "position"  has  been 
previously  given. 

Jump.  Mark  time — mark!  Left!  Riyht!  or,  One!  Two! 
Swing  the  left  foot  forward  from  the  hip,  about  one-half  the 
length  of  the  foot  and  bring  back  to  its  original  position  on 
"one ;"  swing  the  right  in  the  same  way  on  " two."  It  is  better 
at  first  to  say  "left,"  "right,"  rather  than  "one,"  "two,"  as 
this  helps  the  class  to  keep  in  step.  Always  begin  marking 
time  and  marching  with  the  left  foot.  Marking  time  is  pre- 
paratory to  marching,  it  is  easier  to  keep  the  correct  rhythm 
and  also  to  keep  in  step  than  marching.  The  last  is  rather 
difficult  for  small  children.  We  may  get  a  uniform  rhythm, 
but  we  must  not  expect  too  early  a  uniform  step. 

Class — halt!  Better  results  are  obtained  when  the  halt  is 
taken  in  two  counts  instead  of  in  one.  Especially  is  this  true 
with  the  younger  classes;  it  is  not  such  a  sudden  stop.  Two 
counts  are  given  to  end  a  series  and  for  the  same  reason.  The 
command  "halt"  stops  the  exercise  at  once. 

"Mark  time"  may  always  follow  the  jump.  It  is  good 
training  for  inarching.  Marching  is  not  given  in  these  lessons, 
since  there  cannot  be  much  variety  when  the  work  is  done  in 
the  classroom.  For  this  reason  and  because  the  rooms  are  so 
different  in  construction,  the  marching  may  be  left  to  the 
discretion  of  the  classroom  teacher.  It  is  advisable  to  give 
marching  whenever  there  is  time  and  where  the  conditions 
are  such  as  to  allow  it.  Marching  may  begin  a  lesson,  while 
the  windows  are  first  opened  or  it  may  follow  the  jump.  A 
run  would  be  beneficial,  but  the  conditions  often  make  this 
impossible*.  The  command  "Forward — dress!"  is  given  in 
marching  to  regulate  the  distance  between  the  pupils.  The 
arms  are  raised  forward  as  in  "arms  forward  raise,"  the  tips 
of  the  fingers  just  touching  the  pupil  in  front;  each  pupil 
stands  directly  behind  the  one  in  front.  The  command  "Take 
— distance!"  is  sometimes  used. 


FIG.  15. — TRUNK  SIDEWAYS  BEXD. 


62  GYMNASTIC  EXERCISES 


ELEVENTH  DAY'S  ORDER. 

Order.     Half  left  (right)— face!     Left  (right)— face!     Left 

(right)  about — face! 
Leg.     Neck  firm  and  feet  sideways — place!     One!     Two! 

Knees — bend!    Stretch!    Hands  down  and  feet  together — 

place!    One!    Two!  or,  Position!    One!    Two! 
Arm.    Arms  sideways  and  downward — stretch !    One ! — Two  I 

One! — Two!     Repeat!     One!  etc.     By  flinging,  anns — 

change!     Change! 
Balance.     Hips  firm  and  left  foot  outward — place!   Heels — 

raise!    Sink!     Feet — change!     Resume,     Position! 
Front.      Hips    firm    and    feet    sideways — place!      Trunk 

backward — bend!    Raise!     Position!     Trunk  forward- 
bend  !    Raise  f 
Back.     With  palms  up,  arms  sideways — fling!    Half  side- 

irays — bend!  Sideways — fling!  Bend!  Fling!  Position! 
Lateral  trunk.  Hips  firm  and  feet  sideways — place! 

Trunk  to  left  (right) — twist!  Forward — twist!  Position! 
Jump.  Prepare  to  jump — one!  Two!  Three!  Four! 

(Heels  raise,  knees  bend,  stretch,  heels  sink.) 
Breathing.     Arms  forward — raise!    Sink!    Repeat!     One! 

Two!    Fig.  7. 

Arm.  Arms  sideways  and  downward — stretch!  This  is  a 
combined  movement  in  two  directions,  both  arms  being 
extended  in  like  directions  at  the  same  time. 

By  flinging,  arms — change  f  Change!  On  the  first  "change," 
the  arms  are  quickly  raised  sideways;  on  the  second,  they  are 


FIRST  YEAR  63 

quickly  lowered.  The  counts  "One,"  "two"  following  the 
word  "repeat"  may  be  used. 

Back.  Sideways — fling!  Straighten  the  arms  quickly  to 
the  starting  position,  being  careful  not  to  bring  them  below 
the  shoulder  level. 

Lateral  truijk.  Trunk  to  left — twist!  Twist  the  trunk 
slowly  toward  the  left,  localizing  the  movement  in  the  spine. 
Keep  the  legs  and  hips  still  and  the  head  and  shoulders  in  the 
same  relative  position  to  each  other  as  in  the  fundamental 
standing  position. 


64  GYMNASTIC  EXERCISES 


TWELFTH  DAY'S  ORDER. 

Order.  Left— face!  1  side  step  to  left  (right],  1  side  step 
to  right  (left)— march  !  One!— Two!  One!— Two!  Right 
— face ! 

Leg.  Hips  firm  and  feet  sideways — place!  Heels — raise! 
Sink!  Position! 

Arm.  Arms  sideways  and  forward — stretch!  By  flinging, 
arms — change!  Change!  In  two  counts — position! 

Balance.  Neck  firm  and  left  (right)  foot  outward — place! 
Heels — raise!  Sink!  Feet — change!  Resume.  Posi- 
tion! 

Front.  Hips  firm  and  feet — close!  Trunk  backward- 
bend!  Raise!  Position!  Trunk  forward — bend!  Raise! 

Back.  Arms  forward — bend!  Half  sideways— more!  Hands 
— turn!  Position! 

Lateral  trunk.  Hips — firm!  Trunk  to  left  (right] — bend! 
Raise!  Position! 

Jump.  Hips — firm!  Prepare  to  jump — one!  Two!  Three! 
Four! 

Breathing.  Arms  forward  raise  and  knees — bend!  Arms 
sink  and  knees — stretch!  Repeat!  One!  Two! 

Order.  1  side  step  to  left,  1  side  step  to  right— march!  This 
is  a  combination  of  side  steps.  These  combined  movements 
are  excellent  order  exercises,  but  cannot  be  taken  until  the 
single  movements  have  become  familiar.  In  all  order  exer- 
cises of  this  class  a  more  uniform  class  rhythm  is  secured  if 


FIRST  YEAR  65 

the  heels  are  brought  together  with  a  slight  accent.  All  com- 
bined movements  in  this  class  may  first  be  given  by  separate 
command.  Do  not  keep  the  class  too  long  on  order  exercises. 

Ann.  By  flinging,  arms — change!  Change!  When  the  arms 
are  sideways  the  palms  should  be  down,  and  toward  each 
other  when  the  arms  are  forward. 

Back.  Half  sideways — move!  Move  the  forearms  sideways 
until  there  is  a  right  angle  with  the  upper  arm  at  the  elbow, 
palms  down. 

Hands — turn !  Turn  the  hands  so  that  the  palms  are  toward 
each  other.  This  is  the  position  of  "arms  half  forward 
bend." 


66  GYMNASTIC  EXERCISES 


THIRTEENTH  DAY'S  ORDER. 

Order.  Left — faro !  2  side  steps  to  left  (right] ,  2  side  step* 
to  right  (left) — march!  One!  Two!  Three!  Four!  etc. 

Leg.  Hips  firm  and  feet  sideways — place!  Heels — raise! 
Knees — bend!  Stretch!  Heels — sink!  Repeat!  One! 
Two!  Three!  Four!  Position! 

Arm.  Arms  sideways  and  backward — stretch!  By  flinging, 
arms — change!  Change!  Position! 

Balance.  Arms  sideways  fling  and  left  (right)  foot  out- 
ward— place!  Heels — raise!  Sink!  Position! 

Front.  Hips  firm  and  feet — close!  Trunk  backward — bend! 
Raise!  Position!  Trunk  forward — bend!  Raise! 

Back.     Arms  half  sideways — bend!    Position! 

Lateral  trunk.  Hips — firm!  Trunk  to  left  (right) — twist! 
Forward — twist!  Position! 

Jump.  Jump  in  place — one!  Two!  Three-four!  Five! 
Six! 

Breathing.  Arms  forward  and  heels — raise!  Arms  and 
heels— sink!  Repeat!  One!  Two! 


Leg.  Knees — bend!  Be  careful  to  keep  the  trunk  erect  and 
the  knees  apart. 

Jump.  Jump  in  place — one!  Two!  Three-four!  Five! 
Six!  Raise  the  heels  on  "one,"  bend  the  knees  on  "two," 
quickly  extend  the  knees  and  ankles  and  jump  quickly  upward, 
landing  in  the  same  place  with  the  knees  bent  and  the  heels 


FIRST  YEAR  67 

raised  on  "three-four/'  stretch  the  knees  on  "five/*  lower  the 
heels  on  "six."  A  pause  after  "three-four"  must  be  given  of 
sufficient  length  to  allow  a  good  form  and  steady  balance 
before  the  knees  are  stretched. 


68  GYMNASTIC  EXERCISES 


FOURTEENTH  DAY'S  ORDER 

Order.  Left — face!  2  side  steps  to  left  (right},  1  side  step 
to  right  (left) — march!  One!  Two!  Three!  Four!  One! 
Two!  Right— face! 

Leg.     Neck — firm!     Knees — bend!     Stretch!     Position! 

Arm.  Arms  sideuwys  and  star  position — stretch!  By  fling- 
ing, arms — change!  Position! 

Balance.  Hips  firm  and  feet — close!  Heels — raise!  Sink! 
Position  • 

Front.  Neck — firm!  Trunk  backward — bend!  Raise! 
Position  Trunk  forward — bend!  Raise! 

Back.  Arms  half  sideways — bend!  Arm  rotation — one! 
Two!  Position! 

Lateral  trunk.  Hips  firm  and  left  foot  forward — place! 
Trunk  to  left — bend!  Raise!  Feet — change!  Resume. 
Position ! 

Jump.  Hips — firm!  Alternate  upward  bending  of  knees — 
— one!  Two!  Three!  Four!  Position!  Mark  time- 
mark  ! 

Breathing,  Arms  forward — raise!  Upward — raise!  For- 
ward— xink!  Arm  raising  upward — one!  Two!  Arm? 
downward — sink! 

Leg.  Knees — bend!  Keep  the  knees  turned  out  and  the 
feet  firmly  upon  the  floor. 

Arm.  Arms— change!  In  changing,  the  hands  are  changed 
from  palms  up  to  palms  down. 


FIRST  YEAR  69 

Back.  Arm  rotation- — one!  Two!  Rotate  the  arms,  using 
the  shoulder-joints  as  pivots  of  motion.  The  relative  position 
of  the  hand,  the  forearm,  and  the  upper  arm  remains  the  same. 
Keep  the  elbows  well  up.  The  arms  are  brought  to  the  position 
of  "  arms  half  forward  bend  "  on  "  one,"  arid  to  "  half  side- 
ways bend,"  or  the  starting  position,  on  "  two."  This  is  a 
hard  movement  for  small  children,  and  may  be  omitted. 

Jump.  Alternate  upward  bending  of  knees — one!  Two! 
Three !  Four!  Bend  the  left  knee  up  as  far  as  possible  without 
bending  the  trunk,  on  "one,"  replace  on  "two,"  right  the 
same  on  "  three  "  and  "  four." 


70  GYMNASTIC  EXERCISES 


FIFTEENTH  DAY'S  ORDER. 

Order.  1  step  forward  (backward),  1  step  backward  (for- 
ward) — march!  One! — Two!  One! — Two! 

Leg.  Neck — firm!  Heels — raise!  Knees— bend!  Stretch! 
Heels — sink!  Position! 

Arm.  Arms  sideways  and  upward — stretch!  By  flinging, 
arms — change!  Change!  Position! 

Balance.  Neck  firm  and  feet — close!  Heels — Raise!  Sink! 
Position! 

Front.  Neck  firm  and  feet  sideways— place !  Trunk  back- 
ward— bend!  Raise!  Forward — bend!  Raise! 

Back.     Arms  half  forward — bend!    Position! 

Lateral  trunk.  Hips  firm  and  left  foot  outward— place! 
Trunk  to  left — twist!  Forward — twist!  Feet — change! 
Resume.  Position! 

Jump.  Hips — firm!  Left  knee  upward — bend!  Alternate 
knee  upward  bending — one! — Two !  One ! — Tiro !  Foot- 
replace!  Position! 

Breathing.  Arms  forward— raise !  Arms  upward  raise  and 
knees — bend!  Anns  forward  sink  and  knees — stretch! 
Repeat!  One!  Two!  Arms  downward — sink! 

Arm.  Arms — change!  In  changing,  the  hands  arc  turned 
from  palms  clown  to  palms  toward  each  other. 

Jump.  Left  knee  upward — bend !  Bend  the  knee  as  in  the 
previous  lesson. 


FIRST  DAY  71 

Alternate  knee  upward  bending — one! — Two!  The  left  foot 
is  brought  down  and,  as  it  touches  the  floor,  the  right  knee  is 
bent;  this  is  done  in  one  count.  On  the  second  count,  the 
reverse  takes  place.  Guard  against  unnecessary  motion  of 
the  body. 


SECOND    YEAR. 

The  Eleventh,  Twelfth,  Thirteenth, 
Fourteenth,  and  the  Fifteenth  Days' 
Orders  of  the  First  Year  become  the 
First,  Second,  Third,  Fourth,  and  the 
Fifth  of  the  Second  Year. 


(73) 


SECOND  YEAR  75 


SIXTH  DAY'S  ORDER. 

Order.     2  steps  forward  (backward),  2  steps  backward  (for- 
ward)— march! 
Leg.     Hips — firm!     Heels — raise!    Knees — bend!    Deep — 

bend!    Knees — stretch!    Heels — sink!    Position! 
Arm.     Arms  forward  and  backward — stretch!    By  flinging, 

arms — change!    Change!    Position! 
Balance.     Arms  sideways  fling  and  feet — close!    Heels — 

raise!    Sink!    Position! 
Front.     Neck  firm  and  left  (right)  foot  forward — place! 

Trunk  backward — bend!    Raise!    Feet — change!  Resume. 

Position!    Trunk  forward — bend!    Raise! 
Back.  Arms  half  forward — bend!    Arm  rotation — one!  Two! 

Position ! 
Lateral  trunk.     Hips  firm  and  feet — close!     Trunk  to  left 

(right}— bend!    Raise!    Position! 
Jump.      Hips — firm!     Heels — raise!     Quick  time — mark! 

Left!    Right!  or,  One!    Two!    Class— halt!    One!    Two! 

Three!    Four!    Heels — sink!    Position! 
Breathing.   Arms  forward — raise!    Arms  upward  raise  and 

knees — bend!     Arms   forward   sink   and   knees — stretch! 

Repeat!    One!     Two!    Arms  downward — sink! 

Leg.  Deep — bend!  Slowly  bend  the  knees  to  the  most 
acute  angle  possible,  at  the  same  time  keeping  the  trunk  erect 
and  a  good  balance. 


76  GYMNASTIC1  EXERCISES 

Balance.     Heels — raise!    The  feet  should  remain  parallel. 

Back.  Arm  rotation — one!  Two!  This  is  the  reverse  of 
the  movement  in  the  preceding  lesson. 

Jump.  Quick  time — mark!  Quick  time  is  clone  on  the  toes; 
it  is  running  without  gaining  ground  and  is  a  good  preparation 
for  running.  The  foot  is  raised  behind,  with  the  knee  bent  at 
about  right  angles. 

Class — halt!  One!  Two!  Three!  Four!  Stop  upon  the 
toes  at  the  fourth  count  and  hold  the  position  until  the  com- 
mand to  lower  the  heels  is  given. 


SECOND  YEAR  77 


SEVENTH  DAY'S  ORDER. 

Order.  2  steps  forward  (backward),  1  step  backward  (for- 
ward)— march!  One!  Two!  Three!  One!  Two! 

Leg.  Neck  firm  and  left  (right)  foot  forward — place!  Knees 
— bend!  Stretch!  Feet — change!  Resume.  Position! 

Arm.  Arms  forward  and  downward — stretch !  By  flinging, 
arms — change!  Change! 

Balance.  Hips  firm  and  feet — close!  Left  foot  forward- 
place!  Heels — raise!  Sink!  Feet— change!  Resume. 
Foot — replace!  Position! 

Front.  Neck  firm  and  feet — close!  Trunk  backward — bend! 
Raise!  Position!  Trunk  forward — bend!  Raise! 

Back.  Left  arm  half  forward — bend!  Right  arm  half  side- 
ways— bend!  Arm  rotation — one!  Tiro!  Position! 

Lateral  trunk.  Hips  firm  and  feet — close!  Trunk  to  left 
(right) — twist!  Forward — twist!  Position! 

Jump.  Hips — firm!  Heels — raise!  Spring  jump — go! 
One!— Two!  One!— Two!  Class— halt!  One!  Two! 
Three!  Four!  Heels — sink!  Position!  Mark  time — 
mark ! 

Breathing.  Anns  forward-upward — raise!  Forward-down- 
ward— sink!  Repeat!  One!  Two! 

Balance.     Feet — change!    The  feet  should  remain  parallel. 

Back.     Arm  rotation — one!    Two!    The  left  arm  is  rotated 

to  the  half  sideways  bend  position,  the  right  to  the  half  for- 


78  GYMNASTIC  EXERCISES 

ward  bend  position  on  "one,"  the  second  count  brings  back 
to  the  starting  position. 

Jump.  Spring  jump — go  !  is  a  succession  of  jumps  on  the 
toes  with  a  very  slight  bending  of  the  knees.  The  rhythm  is 
quicker  than  in  marking  time.  In  all  jumps  land  upon  the 
toes. 

Class — halt!  Immediately  upon  the  halt,  the  knees  are 
stretched.  This  is  only  true  in  the  spring  jumps,  not  in  others. 


SECOND  YEAR  79 


EIGHTH  DAY'S  ORDER. 

Order.  Face  left  (right],  face  right  (left) — march!  One!  Two! 
One!  Two! 

Leg.  Neck  firm  and  left  foot  forward — place!  Heels- 
raise!  Sink!  Feet — change!  Resume.  Position! 

Ann.  Arms  forward  and  sideways — stretch!  By  flinging, 
arms — change!  Change!  Position! 

Balance.  Neck  firm  and  feet — close!  Left  foot  forward- 
place!  Heels — raise!  Sink!  Feet — change!  Resume. 
Foot — replace!  Position! 

Front.  Neck  firm  and  feet — close!  Left  foot  forward- 
place!  Trunk  backward — bend!  Raise!  Feet — change! 
Resume.  Foot — replace!  Position!  Trunk  forward- 
bend  !  Raise ! 

Back.  Arms  forward — bend!  Sideways — fling!  Bend! 
Position! 

Lateral  trunk.  Hips  firm  and  feet — close !  Left  foot  for- 
ward— place!  Trunk  to  left — bend!  Raise!  Feet — change! 
Resume.  Foot — replace!  Position! 

Jump.  Neck — firm!  Heels — raise!  Spring  jump — go! 
Class — halt!  Heels — sink!  Position! 

Breathing.  Arms  forward-upward  raise  and  knees — bend! 
Arms  forward-downward  sink  and  knees — stretch!  Re- 
peat! One!  Two! 


80  GYMNASTIC  EXERCISES 


NINTH  DAY'S  ORDER. 

Order.    Face  half  left  (right),  face  half  right  (left) — march! 

Leg.  Hips  firm  and  left  foot  forward — place!  Heels — 
raise!  Knees — bend!  Stretch!  Heels — sink!  Feet- 
change!  Resume.  Position! 

Arm.  Arms  forward  and  upward — stretch!  By  flinging, 
arms — change!  Change!  Position! 

Balance.  Arms  sideways  fling  and  feet — close!  Left  foot 
forward — place!  Heels — raise!  Sink!  Arms — position! 
Foot — replace!  Arms  sideways  fling  and  right  foot  for- 
ward— place!  Resume.  Foot — replace!  Position! 

Front.  Arms  sideways — raise!  Trunk  backward — bend! 
Raise!  Arms — sink!  Trunk  forward— bend !  Raise! 

Back.  Arms  half  sideways — bend!  Sideways — fling!  Bend! 
Position ! 

Lateral  trunk.  Hips  firm  and  feet — close!  Left  foot  for- 
ward—place! Trunk  to  left — iirist!  Forward — twist!  Feet 
— change!  Resume.  Foot — replace!  Position! 

Jump.  Hips — firm!  Heels — raise!  Spring  jump  4  (8) 
counts — go!  Heels — sink!  Position! 

Breathing.  Arms  forward-upward  and  heels — raise!  Arms 
forward-downward  and  heels — sink!  Repeat!  One!  Two! 

Back.  Sideways — fling!  Bend!  In  the  extended  position 
the  palms  should  be  down;  in  the  bent  position,  toward  each 
other. 


SECOND  YEAR  81 


TENTH  DAY'S  ORDER, 

Order.  Face  left  (right)  about,  jac.e  right  (left)  about— 
march! 

Leg.  Neck  firm  and  left  foot  outward — place!  Knees- 
bend!  Stretch!  Feet — change!  Resume.  Position! 

Arm.  Arm*  upward  and  downward — stretch!  By  flinging, 
arms — change!  Change! 

Balance.  Hips — firm!  Left  (right)  knee  backward — bend! 
Foot — replace!  Position! 

Front.  Arms  sideways  stretch  and  feet  sideways — place! 
One!  Two!  Trunk  backward — bend!  Raise!  Arms  down- 
ward stretch  and  feet  together — place!  or,  Position! 
Trunk  forward — bend!  Raise! 

Back.  Arms  half  forward — bend!  Sideways — fling!  Bend! 
Position ! 

Lateral  trunk.  Neck  firm  and  feet  sideways — place !  Trunk 
to  left  (right) — bend!  Raise!  Position! 

Jump.  Left — face!  Hips — firm!  Heels — raise!  Spring 
jump  sideways  left  (right)  4  (8)  counts — go!  Heels — 
sink!  Position!  Right — face!  Mark  time — mark! 

Breathing.  Arm  circumduclion — one!  Two!  (Forward- 
upward  raise,  sideways-downward  sink.)  Repeat!  One! 
Two! 

Balance.  Left  knee  backward — bend!  Raise  the  foot  with 
extended  instep  backward,  until  there  is  a  right  angle  at  the 
knee-joint.  There  should  be  no  movement  above  the  knee. 

6 


82  GYMNASTIC  EXERCISES 

Front.  Arms  sideways  stretch  and  feet  sideways — place! 
One!  Two!  Bend  the  arms  upward  and  place  the  left  foot 
sideways  on  "one,"  stretch  the  arms  sideways  and  place  the 
right  foot  sideways  on  "two." 

Breathing.  Arm  circumduction — one!  Two!  Raise  the 
arms  forward-upward  on  "one,"  lower  side  ways- down  ward 
on  "two." 


SECOND  YEAR  83 


ELEVENTH  DAY'S  ORDER. 

Order.    Face  left  (right'),  1  side  step  to  left  (right) — march! 

One!    Two!    One!    Two!    1  side  step  to  right  (left),  face 

right  (left) — march!    Guide — front! 
Leg.     Hips  firm  and  left  foot  outward — place!     Heels — 

raise!    Sink!    Feet — change!    Resume.    Position! 
Arm.    Anns  upward  and  sideways — stretch!    Repeat!    By 

flinging,  arms — change!     Change!     Position! 
Balance.    Neck — firm!    Left  (right)  knee  backward — bend! 

Leg  backward — stretch!   Bend!   Foot — replace!    Position! 

Fig.  16. 
Front.    Arms  sideways  fling  and  left  (right)  foot  forward 

— place!  Trunk  backward — bend!  Raise!  Arms  sideways 

fling  and  feet — change!    Resume.    Position!    Trunk  for- 
ward— bend !    Raise ! 
Back.    Arms  forward — fling!   Sideways — fling!   Forward — 

move!    Fling!    Position! 
Lateral  trunk.  Neck  firm  and  feet  sideways — place !  Trunk 

to  left  (right) — twist!    Forward — twist!    Position! 
Jump.     Hips — firm!    Heels — raise!    Spring  jump  forward 

(backward),  4  counts — go!    Heels — sink!     Position! 
Breathing.      Arm    circu  induction   with   knee   bending   and 

stretching — one!    Two!    Repeat!    One!    Two! 

Balance.  Leg  backward — stretch!  Stretch  the  leg  back- 
ward with  the  knee  and  the  ankle  extended,  keeping  the  trunk 
erect  and  the  chest  arched. 


IG.  10.— LEG  BACKWARD  STRETCH.     LEG  BACKWARD  RAISE. 
(84) 


SECOND  YEAR  85 

Front.  Arms  sideways  fling  and  feet — change!  Bring  the 
arms  down  and  replace  the  foot  on  the  first  count,  fling  the 
arms  to  the  side  and  advance  the  opposite  foot  on  the  second. 

Back.  Sideways — fling!  Turn  the  arms  so  that  the  palms 
are  down  in  the  side  position  and  toward  each  other  in  the 
forward  position. 


86  GYMNASTIC  EXERCISES 


TWELFTH  DAY'S  ORDER. 

Order.    Face  left  (right),  1  side  step  to  right  (left) — march! 

1  side  step  to  left  (right),  face  right  (left) — march! 
Leg.  Hips  firm  and  left  foot  outward — place!  Heels — raise! 

Knees — bend!      Stretch!      Heels — sink!      Feet— change! 

Resume.     Position! 
Arm.  Arms  upward  and  forward — stretch!  By  flinging,  arms 

— change!    Change!    Position! 
Balance.   Anns  sideways — raise!  Left  (right)  knee  backward 

— bend!  Leg  backward — stretch!  Bend!  Stretch!  Position! 
Front.    Anns  sideways  fling  and  feet— close!    Trunk  back- 
ward—bend!   Raise!    Position!    Trunk  forward — bend! 

Raise! 
Back.    Left  (right)  arm  sideways — fling!   By  flinging,  arms 

— change!     Change!     Position! 
Lateral  trunk.     Neck — firm!     Trunk  to  left  (right) — bend! 

Raise!    Position! 
Jump.   Hips — firm!   Heels — raise!   Facing  180°  left  (right), 

4  counts,  spring  jump — go!    Heels — sink!    Position! 
Breathing.   Arm  circumduction  with  heel  raising  and  sinking 

—one!    Two!    Repeat!    One!    Two! 

Back.  Arms — change!  At  the  same  time  that  the  left  arm 
is  lowered,  the  right  arm  is  raised,  the  movement  taking  place 
on  the  word  "change." 


SECOND  YEAR  87 


THIRTEENTH  DAY'S  ORDER. 

Order.  Face  left  (right],  2  side  steps, to  left  (right) — march! 
2  side  steps  to  right  (left),  face  right  (left) — march! 

Leg.  Neck  firm  and  left  foot  backward — place!  Knees- 
bend!  Stretch!  Feet — change!  Resume.  Position! 

Arm.  Arms  upward  and  backward — stretch!  By  flinging, 
arms — change!  Change!  Position! 

Balance.  Hips — firm!  Left  (right)  leg  sideways — raise! 
Sink!  Position!  Fig.  17. 

Front.  Arms  sideways  fling  and  feet — close!  Left  foot 
forward — place!  Trunk  backward — bend!  Raise!  Arms 
sideways  fling  and  feet — change!  Resume.  Foot- 
replace!  Position!  Trunk  forward — bend!  Raise! 

Back.  Left  arm  forward — bend!  Right  arm  sideways— 
fling!  Arms — change!  Change!  Position! 

Lateral  trunk.  Neck — firm!  Trunk  to  left  (right) — twist! 
Forward — twist !  Position ! 

Jump.  Hips  firm  and  feet  sideways — place!  Heels — raise! 
Change  from  feet  together,  spring  jump — go!  Class — 
halt!  Heels — sink!  Position! 

Breathing.  Arm  circumduction  with  heel  raising  and  knee 
bending,  knee  stretching  and  heel  sinking — one!  Two! 
Repeat!  One!  Two! 

Balance.  Left  leg  sideways — raise!  Raise  the  extended 
leg  directly  to  the  side,  keeping  the  ankle  well  extended  and 
the  body  erect. 


FIG.  17.— LEG  SIDEWAYS  RAISE. 


(88) 


SECOND  YEAR  89 

Jump.  Change  from  feet  together,  spring  jump — go!  Bring 
the  heels  together  in  the  position  of  heels  raise,  on  the 
first  count;  jump  to  the  starting  position  with  the  feet  apart 
on  the  second  count.  There  should  be  only  a  slight  bending 
of  the  knees.  Halt  with  the  heels  raised  and  with  the  feet 
apart. 

Breathing.  Arm  circumduction  with  heel  raising  and  knee 
bending,  knee  stretching  and  heel  sinking — one!  Two!  The 
arms  and  heels  are  raised  and  the  knees  bent  on  "one,"  the 
knees  are  stretched  and  the  arms  and  heels  are  lowered  on 
"two." 


90  GYMNASTIC  EXERCISES 


FOURTEENTH  DAY'S  ORDER. 

Order.    Face  left  (right),  2  side  steps  to  right  (left) — march! 

2  side  steps  to  left  (right),  face  right  (left) — march! 
Leg.    Neck  firm  and  left  foot  backward — place!    Heels- 
raise!    Sink!    Feet — change!    Resume.    Position: 
Arm.     Arm  stretching  downward  in  series — stretch!    One!— 

Two!    One!— Two!    etc.    Class— halt!    One!    Two! 
Balance.      Neck — firm!     Left  (right)   leg  sideways — raise! 

Sink!  Hips — firm!  Left  (right)  leg  sideways — raise!  Right 

(left)  knee — bend!    Stretch!    Leg — sink!    Position ! 
Front.      Arms   forward — bend?      Trunk  backward — bend! 

Raise!    Position!    Trunk  forward — bend!     Raise! 
Back.  Left  arm  half  sideways — bend !    Right  arm  sideways 

— fling f    Arms — change!    Change!    Position! 
Lateral  trunk.     Neck  firm  and  left  foot  forward — place ! 

Trunk  to  left — bend!     Raise!     Feet — change!     Resume. 

Position ! 
Jump.   Neck  firm  and  feet  sideways — place !   Heels — raise ! 

Change   from   feet    together,   spring   jump — go!     Class — 

halt!    Heels — sink!     Position! 
Breathing.    Arms  sideways-upward  raise,  heels  raise  and 

knees — bend!      Arms    sideways-downward    sink,    knees 

stretch  and  heels — sink!   Repeat!   One!    Two! 

Arm.  Arm  stretching  downward  in  series — stretch!  Insist 
upon  a  good  bend  position  in  all  series  work  in  arm  exten- 
sions. Do  not  allow  a  faster  rhythm  than  is  consistent  with 
good  form. 


SECOND  YEAR  91 

Balance.  Right  knee— bend!  Slightly  bend  the  knee  of 
the  stationary  leg.  The  raised  leg  should  be  kept  straight. 

Breathing.  Repeat!  One!  Two!  The  arms  and  heels  are 
raised  and  the  knees  are  bent  on  "  one,"  the  knees  are  stretched 
and  the  arms  and  heels  lowered  on  "two." 


92  GYMNASTIC  EXERCISES 


FIFTEENTH  DAY'S  ORDER. 

Order.  1  step  forward  (backward),  face  left  (right) — march! 
Face  right  (left),  1  step  backward  (forward) — march! 

Leg.  Hips  firm  and  left  foot  backward — place!  Heels- 
raise!  Knees — bend!  Stretch!  Heels — sink!  Feet- 
change  !  Resume.  Position ! 

Arm.  Arm  stretching  sideways  in  series — stretch!  Class- 
halt!  Position! 

Balance.  Arms  sideways — raise!  Left  (right]  leg  sideways 
—raise!  Sink!  Neck — firm!  Left  (right)  leg  sideways— 
raise!  Right  (left)  knee — bend!  Stretch!  Leg — sink!  Posi- 
tion! 

Front.  Arms  forward  bend  and  feet  sideways — place! 
Trunk  backward — bend!  Raise!  Position!  Trunk  for- 
ward— bend!  Raise! 

Back.  Left  arm  half  forward — bend!  Right  arm  sideways 
— fling!  Arms — change!  Change!  Position! 

Lateral  trunk.  Neck  firm  and  left  foot  outward — place! 
Trunk  to  left — tirist!  Forward — twist!  Feet — change! 
Resume.  Position! 

Jump.  Hips — firm!  Heels — raise!  Change  In  feet  sideways, 
spring  jump — go!  Class — halt!  Heels — sink!  Position! 
Mark  time — mark! 

Breathing.  Neck — firm!  Arms  sideways — move!  Neck — 
firm!  Repeat!  One!  Two! 


THIRD    YEAR. 

The  Eleventh,  Twelfth,  Thirteenth, 
Fourteenth,  and  the  Fifteenth  Days' 
Orders  of  the  Second  Year  become 
the  First,  Second,  Third,  Fourth,  and 
the  Fifth  of  the  Third  Year. 


(93) 


THIRD  YEAR  95 


SIXTH  DAY'S  ORDER. 

Order.  2  steps  forward  (backward),  face  left  (right) — march! 
Face  right  (left),  2  steps  backward  (forward) — march! 

Leg.  Hips  firm  and  left  foot  backward-outward — place! 
Knees — bend!  Stretch!  Feet — change!  Resume.  Posi- 
tion ! 

Arm.  Arm  stretching  forward  in  series — stretch!  Class — 
halt!  Position! 

Balance.  Hips — firm!  Left  (right)  leg  forward — raise!  Sink! 
Position!  Fig.  18. 

Front.  Arms  forward  bend  and  left  foot  forward — place! 
Trunk  backward — bend!  Raise!  Feet — change!  Resume. 
Position!  Trunk  forward — bend!  Raise! 

Back.  Lef t  arm  half  forward — bend !  Right  arm  forward- 
bend!  By  flinging,  arms — change!  Change!  Position! 

Lateral  trunk.  Neck  firm  and  feet — close !  Trunk  to  left 
(right) — bend!  Raise!  Position! 

Jump.  Neck — firm!  Heels — raise!  Change  to  feet  side- 
ways, spring  jump — go!  Class — halt!  Heels — sink! 
Position!  Mark  time — mark!  Class — halt! 

Breathing.  Arms  forward — bend'  Sideways — move!  Bend! 
Repea  t !  One !  Two ! 


Arm.     Class — halt!  is  always  given  to  end  a  series,  even 
when  not  so  indicated  in  the  exercises. 


FIG    18. — LEG  FORWARD  RAISE. 


(96) 


THIRD  YEAR  97 

Balance.  Left  leg  forward — raise!  Raise  the  extended  leg 
directly  forward,  with  instep  extended  and  toes  turned  out; 
keep  the  body  erect. 

Jump.  Chang?  to  feet  sideways,  spring  jump — go!  This 
is  the  reverse  of  the  jump  in  the  Third  Day's  Order. 


98  GYMNASTIC  EXERCISES 


SEVENTH  DAY'S  ORDER. 

Order.    Face  left  (right}  about,  1  step  forward  (backward)— 

march!    Face  right  (left)  about,  1  step  backward  (forward} 

— march! 
Leg.     Neck  firm  and  left  foot  backward-outward — place! 

Heels — raise!  Sink!  Feet — change!  Resume.  Position! 
Arm.  Arm  stretching  backward  in  series — stretch!  Position! 
Balance.  Neck — firm!  Left  (right)  leg  forward — raise! 

Sink!  Hips — firm!  Left  (right)  leg  forward — raise!  Right 

(left)  knee — bend!     Stretch!     Leg — sink!     Position! 
Front.    Arms  forward  bend  and  feet — close!    Trunk  back- 
ward— bend!    Raise!    Position!    Trunk  forward — bend! 

Raise ! 
Back.    Left  arm  half  sideways — bend!    Right  arm  forward 

—bend!    Sloirlij,  arms — change!   Change!   Position! 
Lateral  trunk.     Neck  firm  and  feet— close!     Trunk  to  left 

(right) — twist!    Forward- — twist!    Position ! 
Jump.     Hips  firm  and  left  foot  forward— place!    Heels— 

raise!     Change   of   feet,    spring   jump — go!    Class — hall! 

Heels — sink!     Position! 
Breathing.     Arms  forward — bend!     Arms  sideways  move 

and  knees — bend!    Arms  bend  and  knees — stretch!  Repeat! 

One!    Two!    Position! 


THIRD  YEAR  99 


EIGHTH  DAY'S  ORDER. 

Order.  Face  left  (right}  about,  2  steps  forward  (backward) — 
march!  Face  right  (left)  about,  2  steps  backward  (forward) 
— inarch ! 

Leg.  Hips  firm  and  left  foot  backward-outward — place! 
Heels — raise!  Knees — bend!  Stretch!  Heels — sink!  Feet 
— change!  Resume.  Position! 

Arm.    Arm  stretching  upward  in  series — stretch!    Position! 

Balance.  Arms  sideways — raise!  Left  (right)  leg  forward 
—raise!  Sink!  Neck — firm!  Left  (right)  leg  forward— 
raise!  Right  (left)  knee — bend!  Stretch!  Leg — sink!  Posi- 
tion ! 

Front.  Arms  forward  bend  and  feet — close!  Left  foot 
forward — place!  Trunk  backward — bend!  Raise!  Feet 
— change!  Resume.  Foot — replace!  Position!  Trunk 
forward — bend!  Raise! 

Back.  Arms  half  forward — bend!  Slowly,  arms  forward 
— stretch!  Half — bend!  Repeat!  One!  Two!  Position! 

Lateral  trunk.  Neck  firm  and  feet — close!  Left  foot 
forward — place1!  Trunk  to  left — bend!  Raise!  Feet- 
change!  Resume.  Foot — replace!  Position! 

Jump.  Neck  firm  and  left  foot  forward — place!  Heels — 
raise!  Change  of  feet,  spring  jump — go!  Class — halt! 
Heels — sink!  Position! 


100  GYMNASTIC  EXERCISES 

Breathing.  Arms  forward — bend!  Arms  sideways  move 
and  heeh — raixe!  Arms  bend  and  heels — sink!  Repeat! 
One!  Tiro!  Position! 

Front.     Feet — change!    The  feet  should  remain  parallel. 
Back.     Hnlf — bend!     Bring  the  shoulder-blades  well  back; 
keep  the  head  up. 


THIRD  YEAR  101 


NINTH  DAY'S  ORDER. 

Order.  1  step  forward  (backward),  face  left  (right)  about— 
march!  1  step  backward  (forward),  face  right  (left)  about 
— march! 

Leg.  Hips  firm  and  feet — close!  Left  foot  forward- 
place!  Knees — bend!  Stretch!  Feet — change!  Resume. 
Foot — replace !  Position ! 

Arm.     Arms  upward — bend!     Left  arm  sideways,   right . 
arm  downward — stretch!     Arms — change!    One!     Two! 
In   series — change!      Class — halt!      By  flinging,   arms — 
change!    Change!    Position! 

Balance.  Hips — firm!  Left  (rigid)  leg  backward — raise! 
Sink!  Position!  Fig.  16. 

Front.  Arms  half  sideways — bend!  Trunk  backward— 
bend!  Raise!  Position!  Trunk  forward — bend!  Raise! 

Back.  Arms  half  sideways — bend!  Slowly,  arms  upward 
— stretch!  Half — bend!  .  Position! 

Lateral  trunk.  Left  hip,  right  neck — firm!  Trunk  to  left 
— bend!  Raise!  Hands — change!  To  right — bend! 
Raise!  Position! 

Jump.  Hips  firm  and  feet — close!  Left  foot  forward- 
place!  Heels — raise!  Change  of  feet,  spring  jump — go! 
Class — halt!  Heels — sink!  Foot — replace!  Position! 
Mark  time — mark! 

Breathing.  Arms  forward — raise!  Sideways — move!  For- 
ward— move!  Repeat!  One!  Two!  Arms — sink! 


102  GYMNASTIC  EXERCISES 

Arm.  Arms — change!  One!  Two!  Bond  the  arms  on 
"one,"  stretch  the  left  arm  downward  and  the  right  arm  side- 
ways on  "two." 

By  flinging,  arms — cfiange!  Lower  the  right  arm  and  raise 
the  left  on  the  word  "change." 

Balance.  Left  leg  backward — raise!  Raise  the  leg  directly 
backward,  keeping  the  instep  well  extended,  the  body  erect 
and  the  chest  arched. 


THIRD  YEAR  103 


TENTH  DAY'S  ORDER. 

Order.  2  steps  forward  (backward),  face  left  (right)  about— 
march!  2  steps  backward  (forward),  face  right  (left)  about 
—march! 

Leg.  Neck  firm  and  feet — close!  Left  foot  forward— 
place!  Heels — raise!  Sink!  Feet — change!  Resume. 
Foot — replace!  Position! 

Arm.  Anns  upward — bend !  Left  arm  sideways,  right  arm 
forward — stretch!  Arms — change!  In  series — change! 
Bij  flinging,  arms—change!  Change!  Position! 

Balance.  Neck — firm!  Left  (right)  leg  backward — raise! 
Sink!  Hips — firm!  Left  (right)  leg  backward — raise! 
Right  (left)  knee — betid!  Stretch!  Leg — sink!  Position! 

Front.  Arms  half  sideways  bend  and  feet  sideways — 
place!  Trunk  backward — bend!  Raise!  Position!  Trunk 
forward — bend !  Raise ! 

Back.  Left  arm  half  forward — bend!  Right  arm  forward 
—fling!  Slowly,  arms — change!  Change!  Position! 

Lateral  trunk.  Left  hip,  right  neck — firm!  Trunk  to  left- 
twist!  Forward— (wist!  Hands — change!  Resume.  Posi- 
tion! 

Jump.  Neck  firm  and  feet — close!  Left  foot  forward- 
place!  Heels — raise!  Change  of  feet,  spring  jump — go! 
Class— halt!  Heels — sink!  Foot — replace!  Position! 

Breathing.  Arms  forward — raise!  Arms  sideways  move 
and  knees — bend!  Arms  forward  move  and  knees — stretch! 
Repeat!  One!  Two!  Arms— sink! 


104  GYMNASTIC  EXERCISES 


ELEVENTH  DAY'S  ORDER. 

Order.  Face  left  (right),  face  half  left  (right) — march!  Face 
half  right  (left),  face  right  (left) — march! 

Leg.  Feet — close!  Hips  firm  and  left  foot  forward- 
place!  Heel* — raise/  Knees — bend!  Stretch!  Heels — 
sink!  Feet — change!  Resume.  Foot — replace!  Position! 

Arm.  Arms  upward — bend !  Left  arm  sideways,  right  arm 
backward — stretch!  Arms — change!  In  series — change! 
By  flinging,  arms — change!  Change!  Position! 

Balance.  Arms  sideways — raise!  Left  (right)  leg  backward 
— raise!  Sink!  Neck — firm!  Left  (right)  leg  backward- 
raise!  Right  (left)  knee — bend!  Stretch!  Leg — sink! 
Position! 

Front.  Arms  half  sideways  bend  and  left  (right)  foot 
forward — place!  Trunk  backward — bend!  Raise!  Posi- 
tion! Trunk  forward — bend!  Raise! 

Back.  Left  arm  upward — stretch!  Right  arm  half  side- 
ways— bend!  Anns — change!  Change!  Position! 

Lateral  trunk.  Left  hip,  right  neck  firm  and  left  foot  for- 
ward— place!  Trunk  to  left — bend!  Raise!  Hands  and 
feet — change!  Resume.  Position! 

Jump.  Hips— firm!  Left— face!  Left  foot  touch  step 
sideways — place!  Change  of  feet,  spring  jump — go! 
Class — halt !  Posi  ti  on ! 

Breathing.  Arms  forward— raise !  Arms  sideways  move 
and  heels — raise!  Arms  forward  move  and  heels — sink! 
Repeat!  One!  Two!  Arms — sink! 


THIRD  YEAR  105 

Jump,  Left  foot  touch  stop  sideways — place!  Place  the 
left  foot  directly  to  the  side  with  the  instep  extended  and  the 
toes  touching  the  floor;  the  weight  of  the  body  is  upon  the 
stationary  foot. 

Change  of  feet,  spring  jump — go!  Quickly  bring  the  left 
foot  up  to  the  original  position,  landing  upon  the  toes,  and  at 
the  same  time  swing  the  right  foot  to  the  position  of  touch 
step  right.  Class — halt!  Halt  with  one  foot  in  the  touch  step 
position,  and  the  weight  upon  the  opposite  foot.  Two  counts 
are  given  for  the  halt. 

The  class  must  be  brought  to  the  fundamental  standing 
position  at  the  end  of  each  class  of  exercises  and  before  giving 
the  rest  position.  When  this  is  not  indicated  in  the  lessons  by 
the  word  "position"  or  by  some  other  command,  it  is  under- 
stood, and  must  be  given  by  the  teacher. 


106  GYMNASTIC  EXERCISES 


TWELFTH  DAY'S  ORDKR. 

Order.  Face  left  (right],  face  half  right  (left) — march!  Face 
half  left  (right),  face  right  (left) — march! 

Leg.  Nook — firm!  Left  foot  placing  sideways  in  scries — 
go!  Class — halt!  Right  the  name — go!  Class — halt! 
Alternate  left  and  right — go!  Claw — halt! 

Arm.  Arms  upward — bond!  Loft  arm  sideways,  right  arm 
upward— .stretch!  Change!  In  series — change!  By  fling- 
ing, arms — change!  Change! 

Balance.  Hips  firm  and  foet — close!  Left  (right)  leg  for- 
ward— raise!  Sink! 

Front.  Arms  half  sideways  bend  and  feet — close!  Trunk 
backward — bend!  Raise!  Position!  Trunk  forward- 
bend!  Raise! 

Back.  Left  arm  upward — bend!  Slowly,  amis — change! 
Change! 

Lateral  trunk.  Left  hip,  right  neck  firm  and  left  foot 
outward — place!  Trunk  to  left — twist!  Forward — twist! 
Hands  and  feet — change!  Resume. 

Jump.  Neck — firm!  Left  foot  touch  stop  sideways — 
place!  Change  of  feel,  spring  jump — go!  Class — halt! 
Position!  .Mark  time!  mark! 

Breathing.  Arms  upward — bend!  Slowly  sideways— 
stretch!  Bend!  Repeat!  One!  Two! 

Leg.     Left  foot  placing  sideways  in  series — go!    The  weight 
should  be  distributed  equally  between  both  feet,  each  time  the 


THIRD  YEAR  107 

foot  is  placed  sideways.  For  this  reason,  do  not  make  the 
rhythm  too  fast.  The  right  must  be  placed  to  the  side  as 
many  times  as  the  left.  In  alternate  placing,  the  feet  are 
brought  together  on  the  even  counts;  place  the  left  to  the  side 
on  "one,"  replace  on  "two."  etc.  Give  a  slight  accent  with 
the  foot  in  all  foot  placings  in  series.  This  helps  to  keep  a 
uniform  class  rhythm. 

Back.     Slowly,  arms — change!    The  left  arm  is  stretched  to 
the  side,  while  the  right  arm  is  bent. 


108  GYMNASTIC  EXERCISES 


THIRTEENTH  DAY'S  ORDER. 

Order.  Face  left  (right),  face  left  (right)  about — march! 
Face  right  (left)  about,  face  right  (left) — march! 

Leg.  Hips — firm!  Left  foot  placing  sideways  with  heel 
raising  in  series — go!  One!  Two!  Three!  Four!  Etc. 
Class — -halt!  Right  the  same — go!  Alternate  left  and 
right — go!  One!  Two!  Three!  Four!  The  same  left 
with  heel  raising  and  knee  bending — go!  One!  Two! 
Three!  Four!  Five!  Six!  Etc.  Right  the  same — go! 
Alternate — go! 

Arm.  Arms  upward — bend!  Left  arm  forward,  right  arm 
backward — stretch!  Change!  In  series — change!  By 
flinging,  arms — change!  Change! 

Balance.  Neck  firm  and  feet — close!  Left  (right)  leg  for- 
ward— raise!  Sink!  Hips — firm!  Left  (right)  leg  forward 
— raise!  Right  (left)  knee — bend!  Stretch!  Leg — sink! 

Front.  Feet — close!  Arms  half  sideways  bend  and  left 
(right)  foot  forward — place!  Trunk  backward — bend! 
Raise!  Foot — replace!  Position!  Trunk  forward — bend! 
Raise! 

Back.  Left  arm  upward — bend!  Right  arm  forward- 
fling!  Slowly,  arms — change!  Change! 

Lateral  trunk.  Left  hip,  right  neck  firm  and  feet — close! 
Trunk  to  left— bend!  Raise!  Hands— change !  Resume. 
Foot — replace ! 


THIRD  YEAR  109 

Jump.    Hips — firm!    Left  foot  cross-step  position — place! 

Heels— raise!    Change  of  feet,  spring  jump — go!    Class — 

halt!    Heels— sink! 
Breathing.     Arms  upward — bend!    Arms  sideways  stretch 

and  knees — bend!    Arms  bend  and  knees — stretch!  Repeat! 

One!    Two! 

Leg.  Left  foot  placing  sideways  with  heel  raising  in  series — 
go!  One!  Two!  Three!  Four!  Place  the  left  foot  side- 
ways on  "one,"  raise  the  heels  on  "two,"  lower  the  heels  on 
"three,"  replace  the  foot  on  "four."  The  same  left  with  heel 
raising  and  knee  bending — go!  One!  Etc.  Place  the  left 
foot  sideways  on  "one,"  raise  the  heels  on  "two,"  bend  the 
knees  on  "three,"  stretch  the  knees  on  "four,"  lower  the  heels 
on  "five,"  replace  the  foot  on  "six."  Be  careful  to  keep  the 
weight  between  both  feet.  Accent  as  the  foot  is  placed  side- 
ways. This  is  the  rule  in  all  foot  placings  in  series. 

Jump.  Left  foot  cross  step  position — place !  Place  the  left 
foot  in  front  and  a  little  to  the  right  of  the  right  foot.  Halt  in 
cross  step  position  with  the  heels  raised. 


110  GYMNASTIC  EXERCISES 


FOURTEENTH  DAY'S  ORDER. 

Order.  Face  left  (right],  /ace  right  deft]  about — march! 
Face  left  (right)  about,  /ace  right  (left] — march! 

Leg.  Neck — firm!  Left  foot  placing  forward  in  series — 
go!  Rigid  the  same — go!  Alternate — go! 

Arm.  Arms  upward — bend!  Left  arm  forward,  right  arm 
downward — stretch!  Arm* — change!  In  series — change! 
By  flinging,  arms — change!  Change! 

Balance.  Arms  sideways  fling  and  feet — close!  Left  (right) 
leg  forward — raise!  Sink!  Neck — firm!  Left  (right)  leg 
forward — raise!  Right  (left)  knee — bend!  Stretch!  Leg — 
sink! 

Front.  Arms  half  forward — bend!  Trunk  backward- 
bend!  Raise!  Position!  Trunk  forward — bend!  Raise! 

Back.  Left  arm  upward — bend!  Right  arm  backward- 
fling!  Slowly,  arms — change!  Change! 

Lateral  trunk.  Left  hip,  right  neck  firm  and  feet — close! 
Trunk  to  left — twist!  Forward — twist!  Hands — change! 
Resume, 

Jump.  Neck — firm!  Left  foot  cross  step  position — place! 
Heels — raise!  Change  of  feet,  spring  jump — go!  Class 
-halt!  Heels— sink! 

Breathing.  Arms  upward — bend!  Anns  slowly  sideways 
stretch  and  heels — raise!  Arms  bend  and  heels — sink! 
Repeat!  One!  Two! 


THIRD  YEAR  111 


FIFTEENTH  DAY'S  ORDER. 

Order.  Face  half  left  (right],  face  left  (right]  about — march! 
Face  right  (left]  about,  face  half  right  (left] — march! 

Leg.  Hips — firm!  Left  foot  placing  forward  with  heel 
raising  in  series — go!  Right  the  same — go!  Alternate 
— go!  The  same  left  with  heel  raising  and  knee  bending 
— go!  Riglit  the  xame — go!  Alternate — go! 

Arm.  Arms  upward — bond!  Left  arm  forward,  right  arm 
sideways — stretch!  Arms — change!  Change!  In  series 
— change!  By  flinging,  arm* — change!  Change! 

Balance.  Arms  sideways  fling  and  feet — close!  Left  (right] 
leg  backward — raixe!  Sink!  Xeck — firm!  Left  (right]  leg 
backirard — raixe!  Right  deft]  knee — bend!  Stretch!  Leg 
—sink! 

Front.  Arms  half  forward  bend  and  feet  sideways — place! 
Trunk  backward — bend!  Raise!  Position!  Trunk  forward 
— bend!  Raise! 

Back.  Left  arm  upward — bend!  Right  arm  forward- 
fling!  Slowly,  arms — change!  Change! 

Lateral  trunk.  Arms  sideways — raise!  Trunk  to  left  (right] 
— bend!  Raise!  Arms — sink! 

Jump.  Prepare  to  jump — one!  Etc.  Hips — firm!  Jump 
in  place  flinging  the  arms  xideirayx — one!  Tiro!  Three- 
four!  Fire!  Six!  Position!  Mark  time — mark! 


112  GYMNASTIC  EXERCISES 

Breathing.    Arms  upward — bend!   Slowly  upward — stretch! 
Bend!    Repeat!    One!    Two! 

Jump.  Jump  in  place,  flinging  the  arms  sideways — one! 
Two!  Three-four!  Five!  Six!  Fling  the  arms  sideways 
and  lower  to  the  starting  position  on  "three-four." 


FOURTH   YEAR. 

The  Eleventh,  Twelfth,  Thirteenth, 
Fourteenth,  and  the  Fifteenth  Days' 
Orders  of  the  Third  Year  become  the 
First,  Second,  Third,  Fourth,  and  the 
Fifth  of  the  Fourth  Year 


(113) 


FOURTH  YEAR  115 


SIXTH  DAY'S  ORDER, 

Order.  Face  half  left  (right),  face  right  (left)  about — march! 
Face  left  (right)  about,  face  half  right  (left) — march! 

Leg.  Neck — firm!  Left  foot  placing  outward  in  series — 
go !  Right  the  same — go !  Alternate — go ! 

Arm.  Arms  upward — bend!  Left  arm  forward,  right  up- 
ward— stretch!  Arms — change!  In  series — change!  By 
flinging,  arms — change!  Change! 

Balance.  Hips — firm!  Left  (right)  leg  sideways — raise! 
Forward — move!  Sink!  Left  (right)  leg  forward — raise! 
Sideuwys — more!  Sink! 

Front.  Arms  half  forward  bend  and  left  foot  forward- 
place!  Trunk  backward — bend!  Raise!  Arms  half  for- 
ward bend  and  feet— change!  Resume. 

Back.  Hips  firm  and  feet  sideways — place!  Trunk  for- 
ward— bend!  Raise! 

Lateral  trunk.  Arms  sideways — raise !  Trunk  to  left  (right) 
— twist !  Forward — twist !  Arms — sink ! 

Jump.  Neck — firm!  Prepare  to  jump — one!  Etc.  Jump 
in  place,  flinging  the  arms  sideways — one!  Two!  Three- 
four!  Five!  Six! 

Breathing.  Arms  upward — bend!  Arms  upioard  stretch 
and  knees — bend!  Arms  bend  and  knees — stretch!  Repeat! 
One!  Two! 


116  GYMNASTIC1  EXERCISES 

Balance.  Forward — move!  Keeping  the  leg  perfectly 
straight,  swing  it  to  the  position  of  forward  raise.  Be  careful 
not  to  lower  the  foot  in  the  movement. 

Front.  Arms  half  forward  bend  and  feet — change!  Lower 
the  arms  and  replace  the  foot  on  the  first  count ;  bend  the  arms 
half  forward  and  advance  the  opposite  foot  on  the  second 
count. 

Jump.  Jump  in  place,  -flinging  the  arms  sideways — one! 
Etc.  Fling  the  arms  sideways  and  back  to  the  starting  position 
on  "  three- four." 


FOURTH  YEAR  117 


SEVENTH  DAY'S  ORDER. 

Order.  1  side  step  to  left  (right),  1  side  step  to  right  (left),  1 
side  step  to  left  (right) — march! 

Leg.  Hips — firm !  Left  foot  placing  outward  with  heel  rais- 
ing, in  series — go!  Right  the  same — go!  Alternate — 
go!  The  same  left  with  heel  raising  and  knee  bending — 
go!  Right  the  same — go!  Alternate — go! 

Ann.  Arms  upward — bend !  Left  arm  upward,  right  down- 
ward— stretch!  Arms — change!  In  series — change!  By 
flinging,  arms — change!  Change! 

Balance.  Neck — firm!  Left  (right)  leg  sideways — raise! 
Forward — move!  Sink!  Left  (right)  leg  forward — raise! 
Sideways — move !  Sink ! 

Front.  Arms  half  forward  bend  and  feet — close!  Trunk 
backward — bend!  Raise! 

Back.     Hips — firm!     Trunk  forward — bend!    Raise! 

Lateral  trunk.  Arms  sideways  fling  and  left  foot  forward 
—place!  Trunk  to  left — bend!  Raise!  Arms  sideways 
fling  and  feet — change!  Resume. 

Jump.  Prepare  to  jump — one!  Etc.  Jump  in  place, 
flinging  the  arms  sideways — one!  Etc. 

Breathing.  Arms  upward — bend!  Arms  upward  stretch 
and  heels — raise!  Arms  bend  and  heels — sink!  Repeat! 
One!  Two! 

Lateral  trunk.     Arms   sideways   fling   and   feet — change  ! 
Lower  the  arms  and  replace  the  foot  on  the  first  count ;  fling 


118  GYMNASTIC  EXERCISES 

the  arms  sideways  and  place  the  opposite  foot  forward  on  the 
second  count. 

Jump.  Jump  in  place,  flinging  the  arms  sideways — one! 
Etc.  Fling  the  arms  sideways  and  lower  to  the  fundamental 
position  on  "  three-four." 


FOURTH  YEAR  119 


EIGHTH  DAY'S  ORDER. 

Order.  2  side  steps  to  left  (right],  2  side  steps  to  right  (left}, 
2  side  steps  to  left  (right}— march! 

Leg.  Neck — firm!  Left  foot  placing  backward  in  series — 
go!  Right  the  same— go!  Alternate — go! 

Arm.  Arms  upward — bend !  Left  arm  upward,  right  side- 
ways— stretch!  Arms — change!  In  series — change!  By 
flinging,  arms— change!  Change! 

Balance.  Arms  sideways — raise!  Left  (right}  leg  sideways 
— raise!  Forward — move!  Sink!  Position!  Arms  side- 
ways— fling!  Left  (right}  leg  forward — raise!  Sideways 
—move!  Sink! 

Front.  Feet — close !  Arms  half  forward  bend  and  left  foot 
forward — place!  Trunk  backward — bend!  Raise!  Arms 
half  forward  bend  and  feet — change!  Resume.  Foot — 
replace ! 

Back.  Hips  firm  and  left  foot  forward — place !  Trunk  for- 
ward— bend!  Raise!  Feet — change!  Resume. 

Lateral  trunk.  Arms  sideways  fling  and  left  foot  outward 
—place!  Trunk  to  left — twist!  Forward — twist!  Arms 
sideways  fling  and  feet — change!  Resume. 

Jump.  Hips — firm!  Left — face!  Jump  in  place,  flinging 
the  legs  sideways — one!  Etc. 

Breathing.  Arms  upward  bend  and  heels — raise!  Arms 
upward  stretch  and  knees — bend!  Arms  bend  and  knees — 
stretch!  Repeat!  One!  Two!  Heels — sink! 


120  GYMNASTIC  EXERCISES 


Jump.  It  is  advisable  to  give  "prepare  to  jump"  before 
giving  the  jump  proper. 

Jump  in  place,  flinging  the  legs  sideways — one!  Etc.  Fling 
the  legs  directly  to  the  sides  and  bring  the  heels  together  in 
the  landing  position  on  "three-four." 


FOURTH  YEAR  121 


NINTH  DAY'S  ORDER. 

Order.  2  side  steps  to  left  (right},  2  side  steps  to  right  (left), 
1  side  step  to  left  (right) — march! 

Leg.  Hips — firm!  Left  foot  placing  backward  with  heel 
raising  in  series — go!  Right  the  same — go!  Alternate — 
go!  The  same  left  with  heel  raising  and  knee  bending — 
go!  Right  the  same — go!  Alternate — go! 

Arm.  Arms  upward — bend!  Left  arm  upward,  right  for- 
ward— stretch!  Arms — change!  In  series — change!  By 
flinging,  arms — change!  Change! 

Balance.  Hips — firm!  Left  (right)  leg  sideways — raise! 
Backward — move!  Sink!  Left  (right)  leg  backward — 
raise!  Sideways — move!  Sink! 

Front.  Arms  upward — stretch!  Trunk  backward — bend! 
Raise! 

Back.  Neck  firm  and  feet  sideways — place!  Trunk  for- 
ward— bend!  Raise! 

Lateral  trunk.  Arms  sideways  fling  and  feet — close !  Trunk 
to  left  (right) — bend!  Raise! 

Jump.  Half  left — face!  Jump  in  place,  flinging  the  arms 
and  legs  sideways — one!  Etc. 

Breathing.  Arms  sideways — raise!  Anns  turn  and  knees 
— bend!  Arms  turn  and  knees — stretch!  Repeat!  One! 
Two!  Arms — sink! 


122  GYMNASTIC  EXERCISES 


TENTH  DAY'S  ORDER. 

Order.  2  side  steps  to  left  (right),  I  side  step  to  right  (left), 
2  side  steps  to  left  (right) — march! 

Leg.  Neck — firm!  Left  foot  placing  backward-outward  in 
series — go!  Right  the  same — go!  Alternate — go! 

Arm.  Arms  upward — bend !  Left  arm  upward,  right  back- 
ward— stretch!  Arms — change!  In  series — change!  By 
flinging,  arms — change!  Change! 

Balance.  Neck — firm!  Left  (right)  leg  sideways— raise! 
Backward — move!  Sink!  Left  (right)  leg  backward — 
raise!  Sideways — move!  Sink! 

Front.  Arms  upward  stretch  and  feet  sideways — place! 
Trunk  backward — bend!  Raise! 

Back.    Neck — firm!    Trunk  forward — bend!    Raise! 

Lateral  trunk.  Arms  sideways  fling  and  feet — close !  Trunk 
to  left  (right) — twist!  Forward — twist! 

Jump.  Hips — firm!  Jump  in  place,  facing  90°  to  left- 
one!  Etc.  The  same  to  right — one!  Etc. 

Breathing.  Arms  sideways — raise!  Arm  circling  and 
heel  raising — one!  Two!  Arms — sink! 

Jump.  Jump  in  place,  facing  90°  to  left — one!  Etc.  Jump 
in  place  and  turn  90°  to  the  left  on  "three-four;"  land 
facing  in  that  direction. 


FOURTH  YEAR  123 


ELEVENTH  DAY'S  ORDER. 

Order.  1  step  forward  (backward),  1  step  backward  (for- 
ward), 1  step  forward  (backward) — march! 

Leg.  Hips — firm!  Left  foot  placing  backward-outward 
with  heel  raising  in  series — go!  Right  the  same — go! 
Alternate — go!  The  same  left  with  heel  raising  and 
knee  bending — go!  Right  the  same — go!  Alternate — go! 

Arm.     Arms  sideways  and  downward  in  series — stretch! 

Balance.  Arms  sideways — raise!  Left  (right)  leg  sideways 
— raise!  Backward — move!  Sink!  Position!  Arms 
sideways — fling!  Left  (right)  leg  backward — raise!  Side- 
ways— move!  Sink! 

Front.  Arms  upward  stretch  and  left  foot  forward — place ! 
Trunk  backward — bend!  Raise!  Arms  upward  stretch 
and  feet — change!  Resume. 

Back.  Neck  firm  and  left  foot  forward — place!  Trunk 
forward — bend!  Raise!  Feet — change!  Resume. 

Lateral  trunk.  Feet — close !  Arms  sideways  fling  and  left 
foot  forward — place!  Trunk  to  left — bend!  Raise!  Arms 
sideways  fling  and  feet — change!  Resume.  Foot- 
replace  ! 

Jump.  Hips — firm!  Jump  in  place,  facing  90°  to  left  and 
return — one!  Two!  Three-four!  Five-six!  Seven! 
Eight!  The  same  to  right — one!  Etc.  Mark  time — mark! 


124  GYMNASTIC  EXERCISES 

Breathing.    Arm  raising  sideways  and  alternate  knee  bend- 
ing backward — one!    Two!   Repeat!   One!   Two! 

Jump.  Jump  in  place,  facing  90°  to  left  and  return — one! 
Two!  Three- four!  Five-six!  Seven!  Eight!  Secure  a 
good  steady  landing  position  on  "three-four"  before  the 
return  jump,  which  is  taken  upon  "  five-six." 


FOURTH  YEAR  125 


TWELFTH  DAY'S  ORDER. 

Order.  2  steps  forward  (backward],  2  steps  backward  (for- 
ward}, 2  steps  forward  (backward) — march! 

Leg.  Neck — firm !  Left  foot  placing  sideways  and  forward 
in  series — go!  One!  Two!  Three!  Four!  Right  the 
same — go!  Alternate — go! 

Arm.     Arms  sideivays  and  forward  in  series — stretch! 

Balance.  Hips — firm!  Left  (right)  leg  forward — raise! 
Backward — move!  Sink!  Left  (right)  leg  backward— 
ra  ise !  Forwa  rd — m  ove !  Sink ! 

Front.  Arms  upward  stretch  and  feet — close!  Trunk 
backward — bend!  Raise! 

Back.  Arms  sideways  fling  and  feet  sideways — place! 
Trunk  forward — bend!  Raise! 

Lateral  trunk.  Feet — close!  Arms  sideways  fling  and  left 
foot  forward — place!  Trunk  to  left — twist!  Forward- 
twist!  Arms  sideways  fling  and  feet — change!  Resume. 
Foot — replace! 

Jump.  Jump  in  place,  facing  180°  to  left — one!  Etc.  The 
same  to  right — one!  Etc. 

Breathing.  Arms  sideways — raise!  Arm  raising  upivard 
with  alternate  knee  bending  backward  and  opposite  knee 
bending — one!  Two!  Repeat!  One!  Two!  Arms — sink! 

Leg.     Left  foot  placing  sideicays  and  forward  in  series — 
go!     One!     Two!     Three!     Four!     Place  the  left  foot  to  the 


126  GYMNASTIC  EXERCISES 

side  on  "one,"  replace  on  "two,"  place  the  left  foot  forward 
on  "three,"  replace  on  "four."  The  rhythm  must  be  slow 
enough  to  allow  proper  adjustment  of  weight. 

Jump.     Jump  in  place,  facing  180°  to  left — one!    Etc.    Land 
from  the  jump  on  "  three- four,"  facing  to  the  rear. 


FOURTH  YEAR  127 


THIRTEENTH  DAY'S  ORDER, 

Order.  2  steps  forward  (backward),  2  steps  backward  (for- 
ward), 1  step  forward  (backward) — march! 

Leg.  Hips — firm!  Left  foot  placing  sideways  and  forward 
with  heel  raising  in  series — go!  Right  the  same — go! 
Alternate — go!  The  same  left  with  heel  raising  and 
knee  bending — go!  Right  the  same — go!  Alternate — go! 

Arm.     Arms  sideways  and  backward  in  series — stretch! 

Balance.  Neck — firm!  Left  (right)  leg  forward — raise! 
Backward — move!  Sink.  Left  (right)  leg  backward — 
raise!  Forward — move!  Sink! 

Front.  Feet — close!  Arms  upward  stretch  and  left  foot 
forward — place!  Trunk  backward — bend!  Raise!  Arms 
upward  stretch  and  feet — change!  Resume.  Foot- 
replace  ! 

Back.  Arms  sideways  fling  and  left  foot  forward — place! 
Trunk  forward — ben-d!  Raise!  Arms  sideways  fling  and 
feet — change!  Resume. 

Lateral  trunk.  Arms  forward — bend!  Trunk  to  left  (right) 
—bend!  Raise! 

Jump.  Hips — firm!  Jump  in  place,  facing  180°  to  left 
(right)  and  return — one!  Etc. 

Breathing.  Arm  raising  sideicays  with  alternate  leg  raising 
sideways — one!  Two!  Repeat!  One!  Two! 

Balance.  Backward — move!  Swing  the  leg  with  the  knee 
straight  and  the  foot  close  to  the  floor,  but  not  touching,  to 
the  position  of  'backward  raise." 


128  GYMNASTIC  EXERCISES 


FOURTEENTH  DAY'S  ORDER. 

Order.  2  steps  forward  (backward),  1  step  backward  (for- 
ward}, 2  steps  forward  (backward) — march! 

Leg.  Neck — firm!  Left  foot  placing  sideways  and  outward 
in  series — go!  Right  the  same — go!  Alternate — go! 

Arm.     Arms  sideways  and  upward  in  series — stretch! 

Balance.  Arms  sideways — raise!  Left  (right)  leg  forward 
— raise!  Backward — move!  Sink!  Position!  Arms  side- 
ways— fling!  Left  (right)  leg  backward — raise!  Forward 
— move!  Sink! 

Front.  Arms  sideways — raise!  Trunk  backward — bend! 
Arm  rotation — one!  Two!  Trunk — raise! 

Back.  Arms  forward  bend  and  feet  sideways — place! 
Trunk  forward — bend!  Raise! 

Lateral  trunk.  Arms  forward — bend!  Trunk  to  left  (right) 
— twist!  Forward — twist! 

Jump.  Hips — firm!  Jump  in  place  facing  270°  to  left 
(right) — one!  Etc. 

Breathing.  With  palms  up,  arms  sideways — raise!  Arm 
raising  upward  with  alternate  leg  raising  sideways  and 
opposite  knee  bending — one!  Two!  Repeat!  One!  Two! 

Front.  Arm  rotation — one!  Two!  Do  not  hold  the  back- 
ward bend  position  too  long.  Ann  rotation  once  or  twice 
maintains  the  position  long  enough. 


FOURTH  YEAR  129 


FIFTEENTH  DAY'S  ORDER. 

Order.    Face  left  (right),  I  side  step  to  left  (right),  1  side  step 

to  right  (left) — march!     1  side  step  to  left  (right),  1  side 

step  to  right  (left),  face  right  (left) — march! 
Leg.    Hips — firm!    Left  foot  placing  sideways  and  outward 

with   heel   raising   in   series — go!    Right    the  same — go! 

Alternate — go!     The  same  left  with  heel  raising  and  knee 

bending— go!  Right  the  same — go!  Alternate — go! 
Arm.  Arms  forward  and  backward  in  series — stretch! 
Balance.  Hips — firm!  Left  (right)  leg  sideways — raise! 

Forward — more!    Sideways — move!    Sink! 
Front.     Arms  half  sideways — bend!     Trunk  backward — 

bend!    Arm  rotation — one!    Two!    Trunk — raise! 
Back.      Arms    forward — bend!      Trunk    forward — bend! 

Raise! 
Lateral  trunk.     Arms  forward  bend  and  left  (right)  foot 

forward — place!     Trunk  to  left  (right) — bend!    Raise! 
Jump.'     Hips — firm!     Jump  in  place,  facing  270°  to  left 

(right)  and  return — one!    Etc. 
Breathing.     Arm  raising  sideways-upward  with  alternate 

leg  raising  sideways — one!    Two!   Repeat!   One!    Two! 


FIFTH    YEAR. 

The  Eleventh,  Twelfth,  Thirteenth, 
Fourteenth,  and  the  Fifteenth  Days' 
Orders  of  the  Fourth  Year  become  the 
First,  Second,  Third,  Fourth,  and  the 
Fifth  of  the  Fifth  Year. 


(131) 


FIFTH  YEAR  133 


SIXTH  DAY'S  ORDER. 

Order.    Face  left  (right'),  1  side  step  to  right  (left),  1  side  step 

to  left  (right) — march!    1  side  step  to  right  (left),  1  side  step 

to  left  (right),  face  right  (left) — march! 
Leg.     Neck — firm !     Left  (right)  foot  placing  sideways  and 

backward  in  series — go!    Alternate — go! 
Arm.    Arms  forward  and  downward  in  series — stretch! 
Balance.     Neck — firm!     Left   (right)   leg  sideways — raise! 

Forward — move!    Sideways — move!    Sink! 
Front.     Left  arm  half  forward,  right  arm  half  sideways — 

bend!   Trunk  backward — bend!  Arm  rotation — one!  Two! 

Trunk — raise! 

Back.    Arms  forward  bend  and  left  (right)  foot  forward- 
place!    Trunk  forward — bend!    Raise! 
Lateral  trunk.     Amis  forward  bend  and  left  (right)  foot 

outward — place!    Trunk  to  left  (right) — twist!    Forward 

—twist! 

Jump.    Jump  in  place,  facing  360°  to  left  (right) — one!  Etc. 
Breathing.      Arm  raising   sideways-upward  with  alternate 

leg  raising  sideways  and  opposite  knee  bending — one!  Two! 

Repeat!    One!    Two! 


134  GYMNASTIC  EXERCISES 


SEVENTH  DAY'S  ORDER. 

Order.  Face  left  (right),  2  side  steps  to  left  (right),  2  side  steps 
to  right  (left) — march!  2  side  steps  to  left  (right),  2  side 
steps  to  right  (left),  face  right  (left) — march! 

Leg.  Hips — firm!  Left  (right)  foot  placing  sideways  and 
backward  with  heel  raising  in  series — go!  Alternate — 
go!  The  same  left  (right)  with  heel  raising  and  knee 
bending — go !  A  Iternate — go ! 

Arm.    Arms  forward  and  sideways  in  series — stretch! 

Balance.  Arms  sideways — raise !  Left  (right)  leg  sideways 
— raise!  Forward — move!  Sideways — move!  Sink! 

Front.  Hips — firm!  Trunk  backward — bend!  Arm  fling- 
ing sideways — one!  Two!  Trunk — raise! 

Back.  "With  palms  up?  arms  sideways  stretch  and  feet 
sideways — place!  Trunk  forward — bend!  Raise! 

Lateral  trunk.  Arms  forward  bend  and  feet — close !  Trunk 
to  left  (right) — bend!  Raise! 

Jump.  Hips — firm!  Jump  in  place,  facing  360°  to  left 
(right)  and  return — one!  Etc. 

Breathing.  Arm  raising  forward  with  alternate  leg  raising 
forward — one!  Two!  Repeat!  One!  Two! 


FIFTH  YEAR  135 


EIGHTH  DAY'S  ORDER. 

Order.  Face  left  (right],  2  steps  to  right  (left),  2  side  steps 
to  left  (right) — march!  2  side  steps  to  right  (left),  2  side 
steps  to  left  (right),  face  right  (left) — march! 

Leg.  Neck — firm!  Left  (right)  foot  placing  sideways  and 
backward-outward  in  series — go!  Alternate — go! 

Arm.    Arms  forward  and  upward  in  series — stretch! 

Balance.  Hips — firm!  Left  (right)  leg  sideways — raise! 
Backward — move!  Forward — move!  Sink! 

Front.  Neck — firm!  Trunk  backward — bend!  Arm  flinging 
sideways — one!  Two!  Trunk — raise! 

Back.  With  palms  up,  arms  sideways — raise !  Trunk  for- 
ward— bend!  Raise! 

Lateral  trunk.  Arms  forward  bend  and  feet — close !  Trunk 
to  left  (right) — twist!  Forward — twist! 

Jump.  Hips — firm!  Jump  in  place,  facing  90°  left  (right), 
180°  right  (left)— one!  Two!  Three-four!  Five-six! 
Seven!  Eight! 

Breathing.  Arms  forward — raise!  Arm  raising  upward 
with  alternate  leg  raising  forward  and  opposite  knee  bend- 
ing— one!  Two!  Repeat!  One!  Two! 

Jump.  Jump  in  place,  facing  90°  left,  180°  right — one!  Two! 
Three-four!  Five-six!  Seven!  Eight!  Jump  facing  90° 
to  left  on  "three-four."  180°  to  right  on  "five-six,"  which 
makes  the  landing  position  90°  to  the  right  of  the  original 
position. 


136  GYMNASTIC  EXERCISES 


NINTH  DAY'S  ORDER. 

Order.  Face  left  (right),  2  side  steps  to  left  (right),  1  side  step 
to  right  (left) — march!  1  side  step  to  left  (right),  2  side 
steps  to  right  (left),  face  right  (left) — march! 

Leg.  Hips — firm!  Left  (right)  foot  placing  sideways  and 
back  ward- outward  with  heel  raising  in  series — go!  Alter- 
nate— go!  The  same  left  (right)  with  heel  raising  and 
knee  bending — go!  Alternate — go! 

Arm.     Arms  upward  and  downward  in  series — stretch! 

Balance.  Neck — firm!  Left  (right)  leg  sideways — raise! 
Backward — move!  Sideways — move!  Sink! 

Front.  Trunk  backward — bend!  Arm  flinging  sideways — 
one!  Two!  Trunk — raise! 

Back.  With  palms  up,  arms  sideways  fling  and  left  foot 
forward — place!  Trunk  forward — bend!  Raise!  Arms 
sideways  fling  and  feet — change!  Resume. 

Lateral  trunk.  Left  arm  forward  bend,  right  arm  sideways 
—fling!  Trunk  to  left — bend!  Raise!  Arms — change! 
Resume. 

Jump.  Hips — firm !  Jump  in  place,  facing  90°  to  left  (right), 
270°  to  right  (left)— one!  Etc. 

Breathing.  Arm.  raising  forward-upward  with  alternate 
leg  raising  forward — one!  Two!  Repeat!  One!  Two! 


FIFTH  YEAR  137 


TENTH  DAY'S  ORDER. 

Order.    Face  left  (right],  2  side  steps  to  right  (left),  1  side  step 

to  left  (right) — march!     I  side  step  to  right  (left),  2  side 

steps  to  left  (right),  face  right  (left) — march! 
Leg.     Neck — firm!     Left  (right)  foot  placing  forward  and 

sideways  in  series — go!    Alternate — go! 
Arm.     Arms  upward  and  sideways  in  series — stretch! 
Balance.    Arms  sideways— raise !    Left  (right)  leg  sideways 

— raise!    Backward- — move!    Sideways — move!    Sink! 
Front.     Arms   forward — bend!      Trunk   backward — bend! 

Arm  flinging  sideways — one!     Two!     Trunk — raise! 
Back.    Arms  half  sideways  bend  and  feet  sideways — place ! 

Trunk  forward — bend!    Raise! 
Lateral  trunk.    Right  arm  forward  bend,  left  arm  sideways 

—fling!    Trunk  to  left — twist!   Forward — twist!   Arms — 

change !    Resume. 
Jump.    Hips — firm !   Jump  in  place,  facing  90°  to  left  (right), 

360°  to  right  (left)— one!    Etc. 
Breathing.      Arm  raising  forward-upward   with    alternate 

leg  raising  forward  and  opposite  knee  bending — one!    Two! 

Repeat!     One!     Two! 


138  GYMNASTIC  EXERCISES 


ELEVENTH  DAY'S  ORDER. 

Order.    Face  left  (right),  1  side  step  to  left  (right),  face  left 

(right) — march! 
Leg.     Hips — firm!     Left  (right)  foot  placing  forward  and 

sideways  with  heel  raising  in  series — go!    Alternate — go! 

The  same  left  (right)  with  heel  raising  and  knee  bending 

— go !    Alternate — go ! 

Arm.     Arms  upward  and  forward  in  series — stretch! 
Balance.      Hips — firm!     Left    (right)    leg   forward — raise! 

Sideways — move!    Forward — move!    Sink! 
Front.     Arms  half  sideways — bend!     Trunk  backward- 
bend!    Arm  flinging  sideways — one!  Two!  Trunk — raise! 
Back.    Arms  half  forward — bend!    Trunk  forward — bend! 

Raise! 
Lateral  trunk.     With   palms   up,   arms   sideways — raise! 

Trunk  to  left  (right) — bend!    Raise! 
Jump.     Hips — firm!     Jump  in  place,  facing  180°  to  left 

(right),  270°  to  right  (left)— one!    Etc. 
Breathing.    Arm  raising  sideways  with  alternate  leg  raising 

backward — one!    Two!    Repeat!    One!    Two! 


FIFTH  YEAR  139 


TWELFTH  DAY'S  ORDER. 

Order.  Face  left  (right),  1  side  step  to  right  (left),  face  left 
(right) — march! 

Leg.  Neck — firm!  Left  (right]  foot  placing  forward  and 
outward  in  series — go!  Alternate — go! 

Arm.    Arms  upward  and  backward  in  series — stretch! 

Balance.  Neck — firm!  Left  (right)  leg  forward — raise! 
Sideways — move!  Forward — move!  Sink! 

Front.  Arms  half  forward — bend!  Trunk  backward — 
bend!  Arm  flinging  sideways — one!  Two!  Trunk — raise! 

Back.  Arms  half  forward  bend  and  left  (right)  foot  for- 
ward— place!  Trunk  forward — bend!  Raise! 

Lateral  trunk.  With  palms  up,  arms  sideways — raise! 
Trunk  to  left  (right) — twist!  Forward — twist! 

Jump.  Hips — firm!  Jump  in  place,  facing  180°  to  left 
(right),  360°  to  right  (left)— one!  Etc. 

Breathing.  With  palms  up,  arms  sideways — raise!  Arm 
raising  upward  with  alternate  leg  raising  backward  and 
opposite  knee  bending — one!  Two!  Repeat!  One!  Two! 


140  GYMNASTIC  EXERCISES 


THIRTEENTH  DAY'S  ORDER. 

Order.    Face  left  (right),  2  side  steps  to  left  (right),  face  left 

(right) — march! 
Leg.     Hips — firm!     Left  (right)  foot  placing  forward  and 

outward  with  heel  raising  in  series — go!     Alternate — go! 

The  same  left  (right)  with  heel  raising  and  knee  bending 

— go !    A  Iternate — go ! 
Arm.    Arms  sideways,  fonvard,  and  downward — stretch!  The 

same  in  series — stretch! 
Balance.    Arms  sideways — raise!    Left  (right)  leg  forward 

— raise!    Sideways— move !    Forward — move!    Sink! 
Front.    Left  arm  forward  bend,  right  arm  sideways — fling ! 

Trunk  backward — bend!  Arms — change!  Change!  Trunk 

— raise! 
Back.    Arms  half  sideways  bend  and  feet  sideways — place ! 

Trunk  forward — bend!    Raise! 
Lateral  trunk.     With  palms  up,  arms  sideways  fling  and 

left  foot  forward — place!     Trunk  to  left — bend!    Raise! 

Arms  sideways  fling  and  feet — change!    Resume. 
Jump.     Hips — firm!     Jump  in  place,  facing  270°  to  left 

(right),  360°  to  right  (left)— one!    Etc. 
Breathing.     Arm  circumduction  with  alternate  leg  raising 

backward — one!    Two!    Repeat!    One!    Two! 


FIFTH  YEAR  141 


FOURTEENTH  DAY'S  ORDER. 

Order.    Face  left  (right},  2  side  steps  to  right  (left),  face  left 

(right}  — march ! 
Leg.     Neck — firm!     Left  (right)  foot  placing  forward  and 

backward  in  series — go!    Alternate — go! 
Arm.     Arms  sideways,  backward,  and  downward — stretch! 

The  same  in  series — stretch! 
Balance.      Hips — firm!     Left    (right)    leg   forward — raise! 

Backward — move!     Forward — move!    Sink! 
Front.    Left  arm  half  sideways  bend,  right  arm  sideways — 

fling!    Trunk  backward — bend!    Arms — cJiange!    Change! 

Trunk — raise! 
Back.    Arms  half  sideways — bend!    Trunk  forward — bend! 

Raise! 
Lateral  trunk.     With  palms  up,  arms  sideways  fling  and 

left  foot  outward — place!     Trunk  to  left — twist!     For- 
ward— twist!     Arms  sideways   fling  and   feet — change! 

Resume. 

Jump.    Jump  in  place,  flinging  the  arms  forward — one!  Etc. 
Breathing.     Arm  circumduction  with  alternate  leg  raising 

backward  and  opposite  knee  bending — one!    Two!    Repeat! 

One!     Two! 

Jump.  Jump  in  place,  flinging  the  arms  forward — one!  Etc. 
Raise  the  arms  backward  on  "  two;"  fling  the  arms  forward 
and  lower  to  the  sides  on  "  three- four." 


GYMNASTIC  EXERCISES 


FIFTEENTH  DAY'S  ORDER. 

Order.     Face  left  (right),  face  right  (left),  1  step  forward 

(backward) — march!    1  step  backward  (forward),  face  left 

(right),  face  right  (left) — march! 
Leg.     Hips — firm!     Left  (right)  foot  placing  forward  and 

backward  with  heel  raising  in  series — go!    Alternate — go! 

The  same  left  (right)  with  heel  raising  and  knee  bending 

— go!    Alternate — go! 
Ann.    Arms  sideways,  upward,  and  downward — stretch!  The 

same  in  series — stretch! 
Balance.     Neck — firm!     Left   (right)    leg  forward — raise! 

Backward — move!    Forward — move!    Sink! 
Front.    Left  arm  half  forward  bend,  right  arm  sideways— 

fling!    Trunk  backward — bend!   Arms — change!  Change! 

Trunk — raise! 
Back.     Arms  half  forward — bend!    Trunk  forward — bend! 

Raise! 
Lateral  trunk.    With  palms  up,  arms  sideways  fling  and 

feet — close!    Trunk  to  left  (right) — bend!    Raise! 
Jump.    Jump  in  place,  flinging  the  left  (right)  leg  forward— 

one!    Two!    Three-four!    Five!    Six! 
Breathing.    Hips — firm!    Arm  moving  sideways  with  alter- 

nate  leg  raising  sideways — one!  Two!  Repeat!  One!  Two! 

Jump.  Jump  in  place,  flinging  the  left  leg  forward — one! 
Two!  Three- four!  Five!  Six!  Fling  the  leg  forward  with 
straight  knee  on  "three-four." 


SIXTH    YEAR. 

The  Eleventh,  Twelfth,  Thirteenth, 
Fourteenth,  and  the  Fifteenth  Days' 
Orders  of  the  Fifth  Year  become  the 
First,  Second,  Third,  Fourth,  and  the 
Fifth  of  the  Sixth  Year. 


(143) 


SIXTH  YEAR  145 


SIXTH  DAY'S  ORDER. 

Order.     Face  left  (right),  face  right  (left),  2  steps  forward 

(backward) — march!    2  steps  backward  (forward),  face  left 

(right),  face  right  (left) — march! 
Leg.     Neck — firm!     Left  (right)  foot  placing  forward  and 

backward-outward  in  series — go!    Alternate — go! 
Arm.    Arms  sideways,  downward,  and  forward — stretch!  The 

same  in  series — stretch! 
Balance.     Arms  sideways — raise!     Left  (right)  leg  forward 

—raise!     Backward — move!     Forward — move!     Sink! 
Front.    Left  arm  half  forward,  right  arm  forward — bend! 

Trunk  backward — bend!  Arms — change!  Change!  Trunk 

— raise! 
Back.    Hips  firm  and  feet  sideways — place !    Trunk  forward 

— bend!   Head  rotation — one!    Etc.    Trunk — raise! 
Lateral  trunk.     With  palms  up,  arms  sideways  fling  and 

feet — close!     Trunk  to  left   (right) — twist!     Forward — 

twist! 
Jump.    Jump  in  place,  flinging  the  arms  and  left  (right)  leg 

forward — one!    Etc. 

Breathing.    Neck — firm !    Arm  moving  sideways  with  alter- 
nate leg  raising  sideways  and  opposite  knee  bending — one! 

Two!    Repeat!    One!    Two! 


10 


146  GYMNASTIC  EXERCISES 


SEVENTH  DAY'S  ORDER. 

Order.  1  step  forward  (backward),  1  step  backward  (for- 
ward), face  left  (right) — march!  Face  right  (left),  etc. 

Leg.  Hips — firm!  Left  (right)  foot  placing  forward  and 
backward-outward  with  heel  raising  in  series — go!  Alter- 
nate— go!  The  same  left  (right)  with  heel  raising  and 
knee  bending — go!  Alternate — go! 

Arm.  Arms  sideways,  backward,  and  forward — stretch!  The 
same  in  series— stretch! 

Balance.  Hips — firm!  Left  (right)  leg  backward — raise! 
Sideways — move!  Backward — move!  Sink! 

Front.  Left  arm  half  sideways,  right  arm  forward — bend! 
Trunk  backward — bend!  Arms — change!  Change!  Trunk 
— raise! 

Back.  Hips — firm!  Trunk  forward — bend!  Head  rotation 
— one!  Etc.  Trunk — raise! 

Lateral  trunk.  Arms  half  sideways — bend !  Trunk  to  left 
(right] — bend!  Raise! 

Jump.  Hips — firm!  Jump  forward — one!  Two!  Three- 
four!  Five !  Six ! 

Breathing.  Arms  forward — bend!  Arm  flinging  sideways 
with  alternate  leg  raising  sideways — one!  Two!  Repeat! 
One!  Two! 

In  the  following  lessons  a  fallout  or  lunge  may  be  given  with 
advantage  after  the  back  exercises.     Fig.  19. 


FIG.  19. — FORWARD  FALLOUT. 


(147) 


148  GYMNASTIC  EXERCISES 

Hips — firm !  Left  forward — fallout!  Foot— replace!  or,  Posi- 
tion! The  foot  is  placed  forward  three  and  one-half  foot 
lengths,  the  back  knee  straight,  the  forward  knee  bent  slightly 
more  than  a  right  angle.  There  should  be  a  straight  line  from 
the  head  to  the  back  heel,  which  should  be  firmly  upon  the 
floor,  and  the  shoulders  should  be  squarely  to  the  front.  On 
replacing  the  foot,  press  off  with  the  ball  and  spring  back  to 
place.  The  forward  foot  should  point  nearly  front. 

Fallouts  outward  and  sideways  are  done  in  the  same  manner 
as  fallouts  forward.  Instead  of  the  back  exercise,  a  forward 
fallout  may  be  substituted.  A  sideways  fallout  may  be  given 
as  a  lateral  trunk  exercise. 


SIXTH  YEAR  149 


EIGHTH  DAY'S  ORDER. 

Order.  2  steps  forward  (backward),  2  steps  backward  (for- 
ward), face  left — march!  Face  right,  etc. 

Leg.  Neck — firm!  Left  (right]  foot  placing  outward  and 
sideways  in  series — go!  Alternate — go! 

Arm.  Arms  sideways,  upward,  and  forward — stretch!  The 
same  in  series — stretch! 

Balance.  Neck — firm!  Left  (right)  leg  backward — raise! 
Sideways — move!  Backward — move!  Sink! 

Front.  With  palms  up,  arms  sideways — raise!  Trunk 
backward — bend!  Arm  raising  upward — one!  Two! 
Trunk— raise! 

Back.  Arms  sideways  stretch  and  feet  sideways — place! 
Trunk  forward — bend!  Head  rotation — one!  Etc.  Trunk 
— raise! 

Lateral  trunk.  Arms  half  sideways — bend !  Trunk  to  left 
(right)  — twist !  Forward — ticist ! 

Jump.    Jump  forward,  flinging  the  arms  forward — one!  Etc. 

Breathing.  Arms  forward — bend!  Arm  flinging  sideways 
with  alternate  leg  raising  sideways  and  opposite  knee  bend- 
ing— one!  Two!  Repeat!  One!  Two! 

Jump.  Jump  forward,  flinging  the  arms  forward — one!  Etc. 
Jump  forward,  flinging  the  arms  forward  and  lowering  again 
to  the  sides  on  "three-four.'' 


150  GYMNASTIC  EXERCISES 


NINTH  DAY'S  ORDER. 

Order.     2  steps  forward  (backward),  1  step  backward  (for- 
ward), face  left — march!    Face  right,  etc. 
Leg.     Hips — firm!     Left  (right)  foot  placing  outward  and 

sideways  with  heel  raising  in  series — go!    Alternate — go! 

The  same  left  (right)  with  heel  raising  and  knee  bending 

— go !    A  Iternate — go ! 
Arm.    Arms  sideways,  downward,  and  upward — stretch!  The 

same  in  series — stretch! 
Balance.    Arms  sideways — raise!    Left  (right)  leg  backward 

— raise!    Sideways — move!    Backward — move!    Sink! 
Front.     Arms  upward  stretch  and  feet  sideways — place! 

Trunk  backward — betid!  Arm  parting — one!  Two!  Trunk 

— raise! 
Back.      Anns    sideways — raise!      Trunk    fonronl — bend! 

Head  rotation — one!    Etc.     Trunk — raise! 
Lateral  trunk.     Arms  half  sideways  bend  and  left  (right) 

foot  forward — place!    Trunk  to  left  (right) — bend!  Raise! 
Jump.    Jump  forward,  flinging  the  left  (right)  leg  forward- 
one!    Etc. 
Breathing.    Anns  forward — bend!    Arm  flinging  sideways 

with  alternate  leg  raising  backward — one!    Two!    Repeat! 

One!    Two! 

Jump.  Jump  forward,  flinging  the  left  leg  forward — one! 
Etc.  liaise  the  left  leg  slightly  backward  on  "  two,"  swing 
the  leg  quickly  forward  with  straightened  knee  and  lower  on 
"three-four."' 


SIXTH  YEAR  151 


TENTH  DAY'S  ORDER. 

Order.  Face  left  (right]  about,  face  right  (left)  about,  I  step 
forward  (backward) — march!  1  step  backward  (forward), 
etc. 

Leg.  Neck — firm!  Left  (right)  foot  placing  outward  and 
forward  in  series — go!  Alternate — go! 

Arm.  Arms  sideways,  forward,  and  upward — stretch!  The 
same  in  series — stretch! 

Balance.  Hips — firm!  Left  (right)  leg  backward — raise! 
Forward — move!  Backward — move!  Sink! 

FroirL  Trunk  backward — bend!  Arm  raising  sideways- 
upward — one!  Two!  Trunk — raise! 

Back.  Arms  sidewayp  stretch  and  feet  sideways — place! 
Trunk  forward — bend!  Arm  rotation — one!  Two!  Trunk 
— raise! 

Lateral  trunk.  Arms  half  sideways  bend  and  left  (right) 
foot  outward — place!  Trunk  to  left  (right) — twist!  For- 
ward— twist ! 

Jump.  Jump  forward,  flinging  the  arms  and  left  (right)  leg 
forward — one!  Etc. 

Breathing.  Arms  forward — bend!  Arm  ftinging  sideways 
with  alternate  leg  raising  sideways  and  opposite  knee  bend- 
ing— one!  Two!  Repeat!  One!  Two! 


152  GYMNASTIC  EXERCISES 


ELEVENTH  DAY'S  ORDER. 

Order.    Face  left  (right]  about,  face  right  (left]  about,  2  steps 

forward  (backward} — march!    2  steps  backward  (forward), 

etc. 
Leg.     Hips — firm!     Left  (right)  foot  placing  outward  and 

forward  with  heel  raising  in  series — go!     Alternate — go! 

The  same  left  (right)  with  heel  raising  and  knee  bending 

— go!     Alternate — go! 
Arm.    Arms  sideways,  backward,  and  upward — stretch!  The 

same  in  series — stretch! 
Balance.     Neck — firm!     Left  (right)  leg  backward— raise! 

Forward — move!    Backward — move!    Sink! 
Front.     Trunk  backward — bend!     Arm  raising  forward- 
one!    Two!    Trunk — raise! 
Back.    Arms  sideways — raise!    Trunk  forward — bend!  Arm 

rotation — one!    Two!    Trunk — raise! 
Lateral  trunk.    Arms  half  sideways  bend  and  feet — close ! 

Trunk  to  left  (right) — bend!    Raise! 
Jump.     Jump  forward  with   1    start  step  left  (right) — go! 

One!    Two-three!    Four!    Five! 
Breathing.     Arms  forward — raise!    Arm  flinging  sideways 

with  alternate  leg  raising  sideways — one!     Two!    Etc. 

Jump.  Jump  forward  with  1  start  step  left — go!  One! 
Two-three!  Four!  Five!  Place  the  left  foot  forward  on 
"one/1'  jump  forward  on  "two-three." 


SIXTH  YEAR  153 


TWELFTH  DAY'S  ORDER. 

Order.  1  step  forward  (backward],  1  step  backward  (forward], 
face  left  (right]  about — march! 

Leg.  Neck — firm!  Left  (right)  foot  placing  outward  and 
backward  in  series — go!  Alternate— go! 

Arm.  Arms  forward,  sideways,  and  downward — stretch!  The 
same  in  series — stretch! 

Balance.  Arms  sideways — raise!  Left  (right]  leg  backward 
— raise!  Forward — move!  Backward — move!  Sink! 

Front.  Anns  forward — raise!  Trunk  backward — bend! 
Arm  raising  upward — one!  Two!  Trunk — raise! 

Back.  Left  arm  sideways  with  palm  up,  right  arm  side- 
ways— fling!  Trunk  forward — bend!  Ann  rotation — one! 
Two!  Trunk — raise! 

Lateral  trunk.  Arms  half  sideways  bend  and  feet — close! 
Trunk  to  left  (right] — twist!  Forward — twist! 

Jump.  Jump  forward  with  1  start  step  left  (right],  flinging 
the  arms  forward — go!  One!  Etc. 

Breathing.  Arms  forward — raise!  Arm  flinging  sideways 
with  alternate  leg  raising  sideways  and  opposite  knee  bend- 
ing— one!  Two!  Repeat!  One!  Two! 


154  GYMNASTIC  EXERCISES 


THIRTEENTH  DAY'S  ORDER. 

Order.  2  steps  forward  (backward),  2  steps  backward  (for- 
ward), face  left  (right)  about — march! 

Leg.  Hips — firm!  Left  (right)  foot  placing  outward  and 
backward  with  heel  raising  in  series — go!  Alternate — go! 
The  same  left  (right)  with  heel  raising  and  knee  bending 
— go!  Alternate — go! 

Arm.  Arms  forward,  backward,  and  downward — stretch! 
The  same  in  series — stretch! 

Balance.  Hips — firm!  Left  (right)  leg  forward — raise! 
Sideways — move!  Forward — move!  Sink! 

Front.  Trunk  backward — bend!  Arm  raising  forward- 
upward — one!  Two!  Trunk — raise! 

Back.  Arms  half  sideways  bend  and  feet  sideways — place ! 
Trunk  forward — bend!  Arm  rotation — one!  Two!  Trunk 
— raise! 

Lateral  trunk.  Arms  half  forward — bend!  Trunk  to  left 
(right) — bend!  Raise! 

Jump.  Jump  forward  with  1  start  step  left  (right),  flinging 
the  right  (left)  leg  forward — go!  One!  Etc. 

Breathing.  Arms  forward — raise!  Arm  flinging  sideways 
with  alternate  leg  raising  backward — one!  Two!  Etc. 


SIXTH  YEAR  155 

jj 

FOURTEENTH  DAY'S  ORDER. 

Order.  2  steps  forward  (backward),  1  step  backward  (for- 
ward), face  left  (right]  about — march! 

Leg.  Neck — firm!  Left  (right)  foot  placing  outward  and 
backward-outward  in  series — go!  Alternate — go! 

Ann.  Arms  forward,  upward,  and  downward — stretch!  The 
same  in  series — stretch! 

Balance.  Neck — firm!  Left  (right)  leg  forward — raise! 
Sideways — move!  Backward — move!  Sink!  Left  (right) 
leg  backward — raise!  Sideways — move!  Forward — move! 
Sink! 

Front.  Arms  upward  and  trunk  backward — bend!  Arm 
stretching  upward — one!  Two!  Trunk — raise! 

Back.  Left  arm  half  sideways,  right  arm  half  forward- 
bend!  Trunk  forward — bend!  Arm  rotation — one!  Two! 
Trunk — raixe! 

Lateral  trunk.  Arms  half  forward — bend !  Trunk  to  left 
(right) — twist !  Forward — twist ! 

Jump.  Jump  forward  with  1  start  step  left  (right),  flinging 
the  arms  and  right  (left)  leg  forward — go!  One!  Etc. 

Breathing.  Arms  forward— raise !  Arm  flinging  sideways 
with  alternate  leg  raising  backward  and  opposite  knee  bend- 
ing— one!  Two!  Etc. 


156  GYMNASTIC  EXERCISES 


FIFTEENTH  DAY'S  ORDER. 

Order.     1  step  forward  (backward),  face  Icjl  (right)  about, 

1  step  forward  (backward) — march! 
Leg.     Hips — firm!     Left  (right)  foot  placing  outward  and 

backward-outward  with  heel  raising  in  scrws — go!    Alter- 
nate— go!    The  same  left  (right)  with  heel  raising  and  knee 

bending — go !    Alternate — go ! 
Arm.    Arms  forward,  downward,  and  sideways — stretch!   The 

same  in  series — stretch! 
Balance.     Arms  sideways — raise!     Left  (right)  leg  forward 

— raise!  Sideways — move!  Backward — move!  Sink!  Left 

(right)  leg  backward — raise!    Sideways — move!    Forward 

—move!    Sink! 
Front.     Arms  upward  and  trunk  backward — bend!     Arm 

stretching  forward — one!    Two!    Trunk — raise! 
Back.    Feet  sideways — place!    Trunk  forward — bend!  Arm 

raising  sideways — one!     Two!     Trunk — raise! 
Lateral  trunk.     Arms  half  forward  bend  and  left  (right) 

foot  forward — place!    Trunk  to  left  (right) — bend!  Raise! 
Jump.    Jump  forward  with   2  start  steps  left  (right) — go! 

One!    Two!    Three-four!    Five!    Six! 
Breathing.    Arms  upward — bend !    Arm  stretching  sideways 

with  alternate  leg  raising  sideways — one!     Two!    Etc. 


SEVENTH   YEAR. 

The  Eleventh,  Twelfth,  Thirteenth, 
Fourteenth,  and  the  Fifteenth  Days' 
Orders  of  the  Sixth  Year  become  the 
First,  Second,  Third,  Fourth,  and  the 
Fifth  of  the  Seventh  Year. 


(157) 


SEVENTH  YEAR  159 


SIXTH  DAY'S  ORDER. 

Order.  2  steps  forward  (backward),  face  left  (right)  about, 
2  steps  backward  (forward) — march! 

Leg.  Neck — firm!  Left  (right)  foot  placing  sideways,  out- 
ward, and  forward  in  series — go!  Alternate — go! 

Arm.  Arms  forward,  backward,  and  sideways— stretch!  The 
same  in  series — stretch! 

Balance.  Hips — firm!  Left  (right)  leg  sideways — raise! 
Forward — move!  Backward — move!  Sink!  Left  (right) 
leg  backward — raise!  Forward — move!  Sideways — move! 
Sink! 

Front.  Arm-s  upward  and  trunk  backward — bend!  Arm 
stretching  backward — one!  Two!  Trunk — raise! 

Back.  Trunk  forward — bend!  Arm  raising  sideways — one! 
Two!  Trunk — raise! 

Lateral  trunk.  Arms  half  forward  bend  and  left  (right) 
foot  outward — place!  Trunk  to  left  (right) — twist!  For- 
ward— twist! 

Jump.  Jump  forward  with  2  start  steps  left  (right),  flinging 
the  arms  forward — go!  One!  Etc. 

Breathing.  Arms  upward — bend !  Arm.  stretching  sideways 
with  alternate  leg  raising  sideways  and  opposite  knee  bend- 
ing— one!  Two!  Etc. 


160  GYMNASTIC  EXERCISES 


SEVENTH  DAY'S  ORDER. 

Order.  2  steps  forward  (backward),  face  left  (right)  about, 
1  step  forward  (backward) — march! 

Leg.  Hips — firm!  Left  (right)  foot  placing  sideways,  out- 
ward, and  forward  with  heel  raising  in  series — go!  Alter- 
nate— go!  The  same  left  (right)  with  heel  raising  and -knee 
bending — go!  Alternate — go! 

Arm.  Arms  forward,  upward,  and  sideways — stretch!  The 
same  in  series — stretch! 

Balance.  Neck — firm!  Left  (right)  leg  sideways — raise! 
Forward — move!  Backward — move!  Sink!  Left  (right) 
leg  backward — raise!  Forward — move!  Sideways — move! 
Sink! 

Front.  Arms  upward  and  trunk  backward — bend!  Arm 
stretching  upward — one!  Two!  Trunk — raise! 

Back.  Arms  forward  bend  and  feet  sideways — place! 
Trunk  forward — bend!  Arm  flinging  sideways — one!  Two! 
Trunk — raise! 

Lateral  trunk.  Arms  half  forward  bend  and  feet — close! 
'  Trunk  to  left  (right) — bend!  Raise! 

Jump.  Jump  forward  with  2  start  steps  left  (right),  flinging 
the  left  (right)  leg  forward — go!  One!  Etc. 

Breathing.  Arms  upward — bend!  Arm  stretching  sideways 
with  alternate  leg  raising  forward — one!  Two!  Etc. 


SEVENTH  YEAR  161 


EIGHTH  DAY'S  ORDER. 

Order.  Face  half  left  (right),  face  half  right  (left),  face  right 
(left) — march!  Face  left  (right),  face  half  left  (right),  face 
half  right  (left) — march! 

Leg.  Neck — firm!  Left  (right)  foot  placing  sideways,  for- 
ward, and  outward  in  series — go!  Alternate — go! 

Arm.  Arms  forward,  downward,  and  upward — stretch! 
.  The  same  in  series — stretch! 

Balance.  Arms  sideways — raise!  Left  (right)  leg  sideways 
• — raise!  Forward — move!  Backward— move!  Sink!  Left 
(right)  leg  backward — raise!  Forward — move!  Sideivays 
— move!  Sink! 

Front.  Arms  half  forward — bend!  Trunk  backward- 
bend!  Arm  stretching  forward — one!  Two!  Trunk — 
raise! 

Back.  Arms  forward — bend!  Trunk  forward — bend!  Arm 
flinging  sideways — one!  Two!  Trunk — raise! 

Lateral  trunk.  Arms  half  forward  bend  and  feet — close ! 
Trunk  to  left  (right) — twist!  Forward — twist! 

Jump.  Jump  forward  with  2  start  steps  left  (right),  flinging 
the  arms  and  left  (right)  leg  forward — go!  One!  Etc. 

Breathing.  Arms  upward — bend !  Arm  stretching  sideways 
with  alternate  leg  raising  backward  and  opposite  knee  bend- 
ing— one!  Two!  Etc. 


11 


162  GYMNASTIC  EXERCISES 


NINTH  DAY'S  ORDER. 

Order.  Face  half  left  (right),  face  half  right  (left),  face  left 
(right) — march! 

Leg.  Hips — firm!  Left  (right)  foot  placing  sideways,  for- 
ward, and  outward  with  heel  raising  in  series — go!  Alter- 
nate— go!  The  same  left  (right)  with  heel  raising  and 
knee  bending — go!  Alternate — go! 

Arm.  Arms  forward,  sideways,  and  upward — stretch!  The 
same  in  series — stretch! 

Balance.  Hips — firm!  Left  (right)  leg  sideways — raise! 
Backward — move!  Forward — more!  Sink!  Left  (right) 
leg  forward — raise!  Backward — move!  Sideways — move! 
Sink! 

Front.  Left  arm  half  forward  bend,  right  arm  forward- 
fling!  Trunk  backward — bend!  Arms — change!  Change! 
Trunk — raise! 

Back.  Arms  half  sideways  bend  and  feet  sideways — place ! 
Trunk  forward — bend!  Arm  flinging  sideways — one!  Two! 
Trunk — raise! 

Lateral  trunk.  Arms  forward — fling!  Trunk  to  left  (right) 
— bend!  Raise! 

Jump.  Jump  sideways  left  (right) — one!  Two!  Three- 
four!  Five!  Six! 


SEVENTH  YEAR  163 

Breathing     Arms  upward — bend !    Arm  stretching  upward 
and  alternate  leg  raising  sideways — one!     Two!     Etc. 

Jump.  Jump  sideways  left — one!  Two!  Three-four! 
Five!  Six!  Jump  directly  sideways  toward  the  left,  on 
"three- four." 


164  GYMNASTIC  EXERCISES 


TENTH  DAY'S  ORDER. 

Order.  Face  half  left  (right],  face  left  (right),  face  half  left 
(right) — march! 

Leg.  Neck — firm  !  Left  (right}  foot  placing  sideways,  back- 
ward-outward, and  backward  in  series — go!  Alternate 
—go! 

Arm.  Arms  forward,  backward,  and  upward — stretch!  The 
same  in  series — stretch! 

Balance.  Neck — firm !  Left  (right)  leg  sideways — raise! 
Backward — move!  Forward — wove!  Sink!  Left  (right) 
leg  forward — raise!  Backward — move!  Sideways — move! 
Sink! 

Front.  Arms  half  sideways — bend!  Trunk  backward- 
bend!  Arm  stretching  upward — one!  Two!  Trunk — raise! 

Back.  Arms  half  sideways — bend !  Trunk  forward- 
bend!  Arm  flinging  sideways — one!  Two!  Trunk — 
raise! 

Lateral  trunk.  Arms  forward  fling  and  left  foot  outward 
— place!  Trunk  to  left — twist!  Forward — twist!  Arms 
forward  fling  and  feet — change!  Resume. 

Jump.  Left  arm'forward  bend,  right  arm  sideways — fling! 
Jump  sideways  left  (right),  change  arms  by  flinging — 
one!  Etc. 


SEVENTH  YEAR  165 

Breathing.  Arms  upward — bend!  Arm  stretching  upward 
with  alternate  leg  raising  sideways  and  opposite  knee  bend- 
ing— one!  Two!  Etc. 

Jump.  Jump  sideways  left,  change  arms  by  flinging — 
one!  Etc.  Jump  sideways  left  and  change  the  arms  on 
"three-four." 


100  GYMNASTIC  EXERCISES 


ELEVENTH  DAY'S  ORDER. 

Order.  Face  half  Left  (right),  face  right  (left),  face  half  left 
(right) — march! 

Leg.  Hips — firm !  Left  (right)  foot  placing  sideways,  back- 
ward-outward, and  backward  with  heel  raising  in  series — 
got  Alternate — go!  The  same  left  (right)  with  heel 
raising  and  knee  bending — go!  Alternate — go! 

Arm.  Arms  backward,  sideways,  and  downward — stretch! 
The  same  in  series — stretch! 

Balance.  Arms  sideways — raise!  Left  (right)  leg  sideways 
— raise!  Backward — move!  Forward — move!  Sink!  Left 
(right)  leg  forward — raise!  Backward — move!  Sideways 
— move!  Sink! 

Front.  Left  arm  half  sideways  bend,  right  arm  forward- 
upward — fling!  Trunk  backward — bend!  Arms — change! 
Change!  Trunk — raise! 

Back.  Arms  half  forward  bend  and  feet  sideways — place! 
Trunk  forward — bend!  Arm  flinging  sideways — one!  Two! 
Trunk — raise! 

Lateral  trunk.  Arms  upward  stretch  and  feet  sideways — 
place!  Trunk  to  left  (right) — bend!  Raise! 

Jump.  Jump  sideways  left  (right),  cross  step  right  (left) — 
go!  One!  Two-three!  Four!  Five! 


SEVENTH  YEAR  167 

Breathing.    Anns  upward — bend !    Arm  stretching  upward 
with  alternate  kg  raising  forward — one!     Two!    Etc. 

Jump.     Jump    sideways    left,    cross    step    right — go!    One! 
Two-three!    Four!    Five!    Jump  to  the  left  on  "three-four." 


168  GYMNASTIC  EXERCISES 


TWELFTH  DAY'S  ORDER. 

Order.  Face  left  (right],  face  right  (left],  face  half  right  (left) 
— march! 

Leg.  Neck — firm !  Left  (right)  foot  placing  sideways,  back- 
ward, and  backward-outward  in  series — go!  Alternate 
—go! 

Arm.  Arms  backward,  forward,  and  downward — stretch! 
The  same  in  series — stretch! 

Balance.  Hips — firm!  Left  (right)  knee  upward — bend! 
Replace!  Fig.  20. 

Front.  Left  arm  upward  bend,  right  arm  sideways — fling! 
Trunk  backward — bend!  By  stretching,  arms — change! 
Change!  Trunk — raise! 

Back.  Arms  half  forward — bend!  Trunk  forward — bend! 
Arm  flinging  sideways — one!  Two!  Trunk — raise! 

Lateral  trunk.  Arms  upward  stretch  and  feet  side  ways- 
place!  Trunk  to  left  (right) — twist!  Forward — twist! 

Jump.  Left  (right)  arm  forward  bend,  right  (left)  arm 
sideways — fling!  Jump  sideways  left  (right],  cross  step 
right  (left),  change  the  arms  by  flinging — go!  One!  Etc. 

Breathing.  Arms  upward — bend!  Arm  stretching  upward 
with  alternate  leg  raising  forward  and  opposite  knee  bending 
— one!  Two!  Etc. 


FIG.  20. — KNEE   UPWARD  BEND. 


(  169) 


170  GYMNASTIC  KXEKdSKS 

Balance.  Left  knee  upward — bend!  Bond  the  left  knee 
upward  in  front  of  the  body  until  there  is  a  right  angle  at  the 
hip  and  at  the  knee;  the  instep  should  be  extended  and  the 
toes  pointed  toward  the  floor;  keep  the  body  erect. 


SEVENTH  YEAR  171 


THIRTEENTH  DAY'S  ORDER. 

Order.    Face  left  (right),  face  right  (left),  face  half  left  (right) 

— march! 

Leg.    Hips— firm!    Left  (right)  foot  placing  sideways,  back- 
ward, and  backivard- outward  with  heel  raising  in  series 

— go!    Alternate — go!    The   same   left  (right)  with   heel 

raising  and  knee  bending — go!    Alternate — go! 
Arm.    Arms  backward,  upward,  and  downward — stretch!  The 

same  in  series — stretch! 
Balance.     Neck — firm!     Left   (right)   knee  upward — bend! 

Replace! 
Front.    Left  arm  upward  bend,  right  arm  forward — fling! 

Trunk  backward — bend!     By  stretching,   arms — change! 

Change!    Trunk — raise! 
Back.    Arms  half  forward  bend  and  feet  sideways — place! 

Trunk  forward — bend!    Arm  bending  forward — one!  Two! 

Trunk — raise! 
Lateral  trunk.    Arms  upward  stretch  and  left  foot  forward 

— place!     Trunk  to  left — bend!     Raise!     Arms  upward 

stretch  and  feet — change!    Etc. 
Jump.     Half  left — face!    Jump  outward  left  (right) — one! 

Two!    Three- four!    Five!    Six! 
Breathing.    Arms  upward — bend!    Arm  stretching  upward 

and  alternate  leg  raising  backward — one!     Two!    Etc. 


172  GYMNASTIC  EXERCISES 


FOURTEENTH  DAY'S  ORDER. 

Order.  Face  left  (right},  face  half  left  (right),  face  left  (right] 
— march! 

Leg.  Neck — firm!  Left  (right)  foot  placing  sideways,  for- 
ward, and  backward  in  series — go!  Alternate — go! 

Arm.  Arms  backward,  downward,  and  sideways — stretch! 
The  same  in  series — stretch! 

Balance.  Arms  sideways — raise!  Left  (right)  knee  upward 
— bend!  Replace! 

Front.  Left  arm  upward  bend,  right  arm  backward — fling! 
Trunk  backward — betid!  By  stretching,  arms — change! 
Change!  Trunk — raise! 

Back.  Arms  half  forward — bend!  Trunk  forward — bend! 
Arm  bending  forward — one!  Two!  Trunk — raise! 

Lateral  trunk.  Arms  upward  stretch  and  left  foot  outward 
— place!  Trunk  to  left — twist!  Forward — twist!  Arms 
upward  stretch  and  feet— change!  Resume. 

Jump.  Half  left — face!  Jump  outward  left  (right),  cross 
step  right  (left) — go!  One!  Tiro-three!  Four!  Five! 

Breathing.  Arms  upward— bend!  Arm.  stretching  upward 
with  alternate  leg  raising  backward  and  opposite  knee  bend- 
ing— one!  Two!  Ftc. 


SEVENTH  YEAR  173 


FIFTEENTH  DAY'S  ORDER. 

Order.  Face  left  (right),  face  half  right  (left),  face  left  (right] 
—march ! 

Leg  Hips — firm!  Left  (right)  foot  placing  sideways,  for- 
ward, and  backward  with  heel  raising  in  series — go! 
Alternate — go!  The  same  left  (right)  with  heel  raising 
and  knee  bending — go!  Alternate — go! 

Arm.  Arms  backward,  forward,  and  sideways — stretch!  The 
same  in  series — stretch! 

Balance.  Hips — firm!  Left  (right)  knee  upward — bend! 
Forward — stretch!  Bend!  Replace! 

Front.  Left  arm  upward  bend,  right  arm  sideways-upward 
—fling!  Trunk  backward — bend!  By  stretching,  arms — 
change!  Change!  Trunk — raise! 

Back.  Arms  forward  stretch  and  feet  sideways — place! 
Trunk  forward— bend !  Arm  flinging  sideways — one! 
Two!  Trunk — raise! 

Lateral  trunk.  Arms  forward-upward  fling  and  feet- 
close!  Trunk  to  left  (right) — bend!  Raise! 

Jump.  Hips — firm !  Jump  forward,  facing  90°  to  left  (right) 
—one!  Two!  Three-four!  Five!  Six!  Mark  time- 
mark  ! 

Breathing.  Arm  raising  sideways  with  head  bending  back- 
ward— one!  Two!  Etc. 


174  GYMNASTIC  EXERCISES 

Balance.  Left  knee  upward — bend!  Forward — stretch! 
Straighten  the  leg  forward,  lowering  as  little  at  the  hip  as 
possible,  at  the  same  time  keeping  the  body  erect  and  the 
stationary  knee  straight. 


EIGHTH   YEAR. 

The  Eleventh,  Twelfth,  Thirteenth, 
Fourteenth,  and  the  Fifteenth  Days' 
Orders  of  the  Seventh  Year  become 
the  First,  Second,  Third,  Fourth,  and 
the  Fifth  of  the  Eighth  Year, 


(175) 


EIGHTH  YEAR  177 


SIXTH  DAY'S  ORDER, 

Order.  Face  left  (right],  face  right  (left],  face  right  (left) 
about — march! 

Leg.  Neck — firm!  Left  (right)  foot  placing  sideways,  back- 
ward, and  forward  in  series — go!  Alternate — go! 

Arm.  Arms  backward,  upward,  and  sideways — stretch!  The 
xamc  in  series — stretch! 

Balance.  Neck — firm!  Left  (right)  knee  upward — bend! 
Forward — stretch!  Bend!  Replace! 

Front.  Hips  firm  and  left  (right)  foot  outward — place! 
Trunk  to  left  (right) — twist!  Backward — bend!  Raise! 
Forward — twixt ! 

Back.  Anns  forward — fling!  Trunk  forward — bend!  Arm 
flinging  sideways — one!  Two!  Trunk — raise! 

Lateral  trunk.  Arms  forward- upward  fling  and  feet- 
close!  Trunk  to  left  (right) — twist!  Forward — twist! 

Jump.  Jump  forward,  facing  90°  to  left  (right),  flinging  the 
arm*  forward — one!  Etc. 

Breathing.  Arm  raising  sideways  with  head  bending  back- 
ward and  knee  bending— one!  Two!  Etc. 


12 


178  GYMNASTIC  EXERCISES 


SEVENTH  DAY'S  ORDER. 

Order.  Face  left  (right),  face  right  (left),  face  left  (right) 
about — march! 

Leg.  Hips — firm!  Left  (right)  foot  placing  sideways,  back- 
ward, and  forward  with  heel  raising  in  series — go!  Alter- 
nate— go!  The  same  left  (right)  with  heel  raising  and 
knee  bending — go!  Alternate — go! 

Arm.  Arms  backward,  downward,  and  forward — stretch! 
The  same  in  series — stretch! 

Balance.  Arms  forward — raise!  Left  (right)  knee  upward 
— bend!  Forward — stretch!  Bend!  Replace! 

Front.  Hips — firm!  Trunk  to  left  (right) — twist!  Back- 
ward— bend!  Raise!  Forward — twist! 

Back.  Left  arm  forward  bend,  right  arm  sideways  fling, 
and  feet  sideways — place!  Trunk  forward — bend!  Arms 
— change!  Change!  Trunk — raise! 

Lateral  trunk.  Feet — close!  Arms  forward-upward  fling 
and  left  foot  forward — place!  Trunk  to  left — bend! 
Raise!  Arms  forward- upward  fling  and  feet — change! 
Resume. 

Jump.  Jump  forward  with  1  start  step  left  (right),  facing 
90°  to  right  (lefl)-go!  One!  Two-three!  Four!  Five! 

Breathing.  Arm  raising  sideways  with  head  bending  back- 
ward and  heel  raising — one!  Two!  Etc. 


EIGHTH  YEAR  179 


EIGHTH  DAY'S  ORDER. 

Order.  Face  left  (right),  face  left  (right)  about,  face  left  (right) 
—march ! 

Leg.  Neck — firm!  Left  (right)  foot  placing  sideways,  for- 
ward, and  backward-outward  in  series — go!  Alternate 

— y°  • 

Arm.    Arms  backward,  sideways,  and  forward — stretch!  The 

.  same  in  series — stretch! 
Balance.     Hips — firm!     Left   (right)   knee  upward — bend! 

Backward — stretch!    Bend!    Replace! 
Front.    Hips  firm  and  feet — close!    Trunk  to  left  (right)— 

twist!    Backward — bend!    Raise!    Forward — twist! 
Back.    Left  arm  sideways  fling,  right  arm  forward— bend ! 

Trunk  forward — bend!    Arms — change!    Change!    Trunk 

— raise! 
Lateral  trunk.    Arms  forward-upward  fling  and  left  foot 

outward — place!     Trunk  to  left — twist!    Forward — twist! 

Arms  sideways-upward  fling  and  feet — change !   Resume. 
Jump.     Jump  forward  with  1  start  step  left  (right),  facing 

90°  to  right  (left),  flinging  the  arms  forward — go!    One! 

Etc. 
Breathing.     With  palms  up,  arms  sideways — raise!    Arm 

raising   upward  with  head  bending  backward  and  knee 

bending— one!     Two!    Etc. 


180  GYMNASTIC  EXERCISES 


NINTH  DAY'S  ORDER. 

Order.  Face  left  (right),  /ace  right  (left)  about,  face  left  (right) 
— march! 

Leg.  Hips — firm!  Left  (right)  foot  placing  tideways,  for- 
ward, and  backward-outward  with  heel  raiting  in  series 
— go!  Alternate — go!  The  same  left  (right)  with  heel 
raising  and  knee  bending—go!  Alternate — go! 

Arm.  Arms  backward,  upward,  and  forward — stretch!  The 
same  in  series — stretch! 

Balance.  Neck — firm!  Left  (right)  knee  upward — bend! 
Backward — stretch!  Bend!  Replace! 

Front.  Neck  firm  and  left  fright)  foot  outward — place! 
Trunk  to  left  (right) — twist!  Backward — bend!  Raise! 
Forward — twist ! 

Back.  Left  arm  sideways  fling,  right  arm  half  sideways 
bend  and  feet  sideways — place!  Trunk  forward — bend! 
Arms — change!  Change!  Trunk — raise! 

Lateral  trunk.  Left  arm  downward,  right  arm  upward 
stretch  and  feet  sideways — place!  Trunk  to  left — bend! 
Raise!  Arms — change!  Resume. 

Jump.  Jump  forward  with  2  start  steps  left  (right),  facing 
90°  left  (right)— go!  One!  Two!  Three-four!  Five! 
Six! 

Breathing.  With  palms  up,  arms  sideways — fling!  Arm 
raising  upward  with  head  bending  backward  and  heel  rais- 
ing— one!  Two!  Etc. 


EIGHTH  YEAR  181 


TENTH  DAY'S  ORDER. 

Order.  Face  left  (right)  about,  face  right  (left)  about,  face 
right  (left) — march! 

Leg.  Neck — firm!  Left  (right)  foot  placing  sideways,  back- 
ward-outward,  and  forward  in  series — go!  Alternate 


-go 


Ann.    Arms  backward,  downward,  and  upward — stretch!  The 

same  in  series — stretch! 
Balance.    Arms  sideways — raise!    Left  (right)  knee  upward 

— bend!     Backward — stretch!     Bend!     Replace! 
Front.     Neck— firm!     Trunk  to  left  (right) —twist!    Back- 
ward— bend!    Raise!    Forward — twist! 
Back.     Left  arm  half  forward  bend,  right  arm  sideways 

fling  and  feet  sideways — place!     Trunk  forward — bend! 

Arms — change!     Change!     Trunk — raise! 
Lateral  trunk.     Left   arm  downward,   right  arm  upward 

stretch  and  feet  sideways — place!     Trunk  to  left — twist! 

Forward — twist!    Arms — change!    Resume. 
Jump.    Jump  forward  with  2  start  steps  left  (right),  facing 

90°  to  right  (left),  flinging  the  arms  forward — go!     One! 

Etc. 
Breathing.     Hips — firm!    Arm  moving  sideways  with  head 

bending  backward  and  knee  bending — one!     Two!     Etc. 


182  GYMNASTIC  EXERCISES 


ELEVENTH  DAY'S  ORDER. 

Order.  Face  left  (right)  about,  face  right  (left)  about,  face  left 
(right) — march! 

Leg.  Hips — firm!  Left  (right)  foot  placing  sideways,  back- 
ward-outward, and  forward  with  heel  raising  in  series — 
go!  Alternate — go!  The  same  left  (right)  with  heel 
raising  and  knee  betiding — go!  Alternate — go! 

Ann.  Arms  backward,  sideways,  and  upward — stretch!  The 
same  in  series—stretch! 

Balance.  Hips — firm!  Left  (right)  knee  upward — bend! 
Sideways — move!  Forward — move!  Replace! 

Front.  Neck  firm  and  feet — close!  Trunk  to  left  (right)— 
twist!  Backward — bend!  Raise!  Forward — twist! 

Back.  Left  arm  forward,  right  arm  half  forward  bend  and 
feet  sideways — place!  Trunk  forward— bend!  Arms — 
change!  Change!  Trunk — raise! 

Lateral  trunk.  Left  arm  downward,  right  arm  upward- 
stretch!  Trunk  to  left — bend!  Raise!  Arms — change! 
Resume. 

Jump.    Jump  forward,  facing  180°  to  left  (right) — one!  Etc. 

Breathing.  Hips — firm!  Arm  moving  sideways  with  head 
bending  backward  and  heel  raising — one!  Two!  Etc. 

Balance.  Sideways — move!  Move  the  bended  knee  to  the 
side,  keeping  the  same  angle  at  the  knee  and  at  the  hip.  Do 
not  turn  the  body. 


EIGHTH   YEAR  183 


TWELFTH  DAY'S  ORDER. 

Order.  Face  left  (right}  about,  face  left  (right),  face  left  (right) 
about — march! 

Leg.  Neck — firm!  Left  (right)  foot  placing  videwayx,  out- 
ward, and  backward  in  series — go!  Alternate — go! 

Arm.  Arms  backward,  forward,  and  upward — stretch!  The 
same  in  series — stretch! 

Balance.  Neck — firm!  Left  (right)  knee  upward — bend! 
Sideways — move!  Forward — move!  Replace! 

Front.  Arms  sideways  fling  and  left  foot  outward — place! 
Trunk  to  left — twist!  Backward — bend!  Raise!  Forward 
— twist!  Arms  sideways  fling  and  feet — change!  Resume. 

Back.  Left  arm  forward,  right  arm  half  sideways  bend  and 
feet  sideways — place!  Trunk  forward — bend!  Arms — 
change!  Change!  Trunk — raise! 

Lateral  trunk.  Left  arm  downward,  right  arm  upward- 
stretch!  Trunk  to  left — twist!  Forward — twist!  Arms 
— change!  Resume! 

Jump.  Hips — firm!  Jump  forward  with  1  start  step  left 
(right),  facing  180°  left  (right)— go!  One!  Etc. 

Breathing.  Arms  forward — bend!  Arm  raising  sideways 
with  head  bending  backward  and  knee  bending — one!  Two! 
Etc. 


184  GYMNASTIC  EXERCISES 


THIRTEENTH  DAY'S  ORDER. 

Order.  Face  left  (right]  about,  face  right  (left),  face  left  (right) 
about — march! 

Leg.  Hips — firm!  Left  (right)  foot  placing  sideways,  out- 
ward, and  backward  with  heel  raising  in  series — go! 
Alternate — go!  The  same  left  (right)  with  heel  raising 
and  knee  bending — go!  Alternate — go! 

Ann.  Arms  upward,  sideways,  and  downward — stretch!  The 
same  in  series — stretch! 

Balance.  Arms  sideways — raise!  Left  (right)  knee  upward 
— bend!  Sideways — more!  Forward — more!  Replace! 

Front.  Arms  sideways — raise!  Trunk  to  left  (right)— 
twist!  Backward — bend!  Raise!  Forward — twist! 

Back.  Arms  half  forward  bend  and  feet  sideways — place! 
Trunk  forward — bend!  Arm  stretching  forward — one! 
Two !  Tru  n  k — raise ! 

Lateral  trunk.  Left  arm  downward,  right  arm  upward 
stretch  and  left  foot  forward — place!  Trunk  to  left- 
bend!  Raise!  Arms  and  feet — change!  Resume. 

Jump.  Hips — firm!  Jump  forward  with  2  start  steps,  left 
(right),  facing  ISO0  riyht  (left)— go!  One!  Etc. 

Breathing.  Arms  forward — bend!  Ann  raising  sideways 
with  head  bending  backward  and  heel  raising — one!  Two! 
Etc. 


EIGHTH  YEAR  185 


FOURTEENTH  DAY'S  ORDER. 

Order.  Face  half  left  (right],  face  half  right  (left),  face  right 
(left) — march! 

Leg.  Neck — firm!  Left  (right}  foot  placing  sideways,  back- 
ward, and  outward  in  series — go!  Alternate — go! 

Arm.  Arms  upward,  forward,  and  downward — stretch!  The 
same  in  series — stretch! 

Balance.  Hips — firm!  Left  (right)  knee  upward — bend! 
Sideways — move!  Stretch!  Forward — move!  Replace! 

Front.  Arms  sideways  fling  and  feet — close!  Trunk  to  left 
(right) — twist!  Backward — bend!  Raise!  Forward — 
twist! 

Back.  Left  arm  forward  fling,  right  arm  half  forward  bend 
and  feet  sideways — place!  Trunk  forward — bend!  Slowly, 
arms — change!  Change!  Trunk— raise! 

Lateral  trunk.  Left  arm  downward,  right  arm  upward 
stretch  and  left  foot  outward — place!  Trunk  to  left- 
twist!  Forward — twist!  Arms  and  feet — change!  Resume. 

Jump.  Hips — firm!  Jump  forward  with  1  start  step  left 
(right],  facing  270°  to  left  (right}— go!  One!  Etc. 

Breathing.  Arms  forward — bend!  Arm  raising  sideways 
with  head  bending  backward,  heel  raising,  and  knee  bending 
— one!  Two!  Etc. 

Balance.     Stretch!     The   straightened  leg  is  in  the  posi- 
tion of  "leg  sideways  raise." 


180  GYMNASTIC  EXERCISES 


FIFTEENTH  DAY'S  ORDER. 

Order.    Face  half  left  (right),  face  half  right  (left),  face  left 

(right)  about — march ! 
Leg.     Hips — firm!     Left  (right)  foot  placing  backward  and 

outward  with  heel  mixing  in  series — go!     Alternate — go! 

The  same  left  (right)  with  heel  raising  and  knee  bending 

— go !    A  Iternate — go ! 
Arm.    Arms  upward,  backward,  and  downward — stretch!  The 

same  in  series — stretch! 
Balance.     Neck — firm!     Left  (right)   knee  upward — bend! 

Sideways— move!    Stretch!    Forward — move!    Replace! 
Front.     Arms  forward  bend  and  left  (right)  foot  outward 

—place!    Trunk  to  left  (right) — twist!    Backward — bend! 

Raise!    Forward — twist! 
Back.    Arms  half  sideways  bend  and  feet  sideways — place ! 

Trunk  forward — bend!    Slowly,  arm  stretching  upward- 
one!     Two!     Trunk — raise! 
Lateral  trunk.     Left  arm  downward,  right  arm  upward 

stretch  and  feet — close!     Trunk  to  left — bend!     Raise! 

Arms — change!     Resume. 
Jump.     Hips — firm!    Jump  forward  with  2  start  steps  left 

(right),  facing  270°  right  (left)— go!    One!    Etc. 
Breathing.     Arms  forward — rai.se!    Arm  raising  sideways 

with  head  bending  backward  and  knee  bending — one!  Two! 


PART    II. 


FANCY    STEPS. 


(187) 


FANCY   STEPS. 


For  the  following  Fancy  Steps  it  is  better  to  have  a  free 
floor  space,  although  nearly  all  may  be  done  in  the  ordinary 
classroom,  either  in  single  line  or  from  the  class  formation 
for  general  gymnastic  exercises. 

1.  March  Steps  Forward.    Walk  forward  accenting  every 
third  count.    In  these  steps,  three  steps  are  the  three  move- 
ments, i.  e.,  an  advance  with  the  left,  an  advance  with  the 
right,  and  an  advance  with  the  left  foot,  and  do  not  include 
the  fourth  count,  which  would  bring  the  heels  together. 

2.  Touch  Steps,    a.  Touch  step  sideways  and  step.    With 
instep  extended  and  toes  turned  out,  touch  the  toes  of  the 
left  foot  to  the  left  side  on  "one,"  step  forward  with  the 
same  foot  on  "two."     Repeat  right. 

6.  Touch  step  sideways  and  step. 

c.  Touch  step  backward  and  step. 

d.  Cross  touch  step  forward  and  step. 

These  touch  steps  may  be  taken  by  touching  the  toes 
twice  instead  of  once,  the  double  touch  step. 

e.  Touch  the  heel  forwrard  and  step. 

Combine  the  touch  steps  with  three  steps  forward,  with 
a  bending  of  the  stationary  knee  simultaneously  with  the 
touch. 

Combination  of  touch  steps  in  two  or  more  directions. 

a.  Touch  forward,  sideways  and  step  (one  or  three  steps). 

b.  Touch  sideways,  forward  and  step. 

c.  Touch  forward,  backward  and  step. 

(189) 


190  FANCY  STEPS 

d.  Touch  heel  forward,  toe  backward  and  step. 

e.  Touch  forward,  sideways,  backward  and  step. 
Combine  touch  steps  in  more  than  one  direction  with 

bending  of  the  stationary  knee  on  the  first  and  straighten- 
ing on  the  second  count.  The  touch  is  also  called  the 
"  point." 

3.  Swing  Steps.     Follow  the  general  order  of  the  touch 
step  series,  substituting  for  the  touch  step  raising  of  the 
leg  with  straight  knee. 

4.  Extension  Step.    Bend  the  knee  of  the  advancing  leg 
upward  on  "one,"  straighten  forward  on  "two,"  step  on 
"three." 

5.  Follow  Steps.     Advance  the  leading  foot  on  "one," 
bring  the  stationary  foot  to  the  advanced  foot  on  "two." 

a.  Follow  step  forward.     Advance  forward  each  time 
with  the  left  foot  leading.    Repeat  with  the  right.    Advance 
alternating  left  and  right,  two  counts  each. 

6.  Follow  step  sideways.     To  left  or  right  the  same  as 
follow  step  forward. 

6.  Follow   Slide,     a.  Follow  slide   forward  (sideways). 
This  is  the  same  as  the  follow  step,  excepting  that  the 
leading  foot  is  slid  along  the  floor  and  the  following  foot 
is  drawn  along  the  floor  to  it. 

b.  Take  the  same  with  a  slight  bending  of  both  knees  on 
the  first  count  and  straightening  on  the  second.     This  is 
developed  into  the  polka  glide,  in  which  case  the  heels  are 
not  brought  together  on  the  last  count. 

7.  Change  Step.     The  change  step  may  be  easily  devel- 
oped from  the  follow  step,  or  the  follow  slide,  by  taking 
three  counts.     Slide  forward  with  the  left  foot  on  "one," 


FANCY  STEPS  191 

bring  the  right  foot  to  the  left  heel  on  "two,"  slide  forward 
with  the  left  on  "three."  Repeat  with  the  right.  This 
same  'combination,  shortening  the  second  count,  makes 
the  two-step.  In  marching,  whenever  pupils  are  out  of 
step,  one  change  step  is  taken  to  correct  the  error. 

8.  Balance  Steps.    These  are  a  combination  of  step  posi- 
tions with  double  heel  raising.     They  may  be  combined 
with  the  follow  steps  to  end  a  certain  number  of  such  steps. 

a.  Balance  step  forward.    Step  forward  on  "one,"  bring 
the  heels  together  and  raise  both  heels  on  "two,"  lower 
heels  on  "three."     At  first  and  in  the  lower  grades  this 
exercise  may  be  done  in  four  counts. 

b.  Balance  step  sideways  (backward).    The  same  as  the 
forward  balance,  differing  only  in  direction. 

c .  Balance  touch  step.    Touch  step  in  any  direction  and 
raise  both  heels  on  "one,"  lower  heels  on  "two,"  replace 
foot  on  "three."    This  may  be  done  at  first  to  foilr  counts. 
Step  to  the  left  side  on  "one,"  touch  step  forward  right 
and  raise  heels  on  "two,"  lower  on  "three."     Repeat  to 
right. 

9.  Hop  Step  (on  place,  forward,  sideways),    a.  Step  on 
the  left  foot  on  "one,"  hop  on  the  same  foot,  bringing  the 
toes  of  the  right  foot  lightly  against  the  left  foot  on  "  two." 
Repeat  right.    This  movement  may  be  done  while  turning 
360°,  one-quarter  turn  at  each  two  counts. 

6.  The  same  as  above,  except  the  free  leg  is  swung  forward 
in  a  cross  direction.  This  is  one  of  the  steps  of  the  military 
schottische. 

10.  Skip  Step.     Take  the  hop  step  forward,  raising  the 
free  leg  slightly  to  the  front.    The  first  step  is  a  long  one. 


192  FANCY  STEPS 

Combine  three  running  steps  with  the  hop  to  make  a 
schottische  step,  four  counts. 

Easy  Combinations  of  Fundamental  Steps.  1.  Touch 
and  change  step:  Combine  the  touch  steps  with  the  change 
step,  substituting  the  change  step  for  the  walk  step. 

2.  Swing  step ;  and  change  step. 

3.  Extension  step  and  change  step. 

4.  Follow  steps  and  change  step  (in  the  upper  grades). 

5.  Swing,  touch  and  change  steps.     Swing  the  leg  for- 
ward on  "one,"  touch  forward  on  "two,"  and  change  step. 

6.  Extension,  touch  and  change  steps. 

7.  Walk  step  and  point,  alternating  left  and  right. 

a.  \Yalk  three  steps  forward  and  point. 

b.  Three  side  steps  and  point. 

c.  Three  slide  steps,  sideways  or  forward  and  point. 
Polka  Slide  or  Glide.     Take  four  slides,  alternating  left 

and  right  (see  follow  slide).  This  may  be  done  forward 
Or  sideways.  In  taking  it  sideways,  turn  the  body  180° 
on  the  first  slide.  Three  follow  slides  with  the  change 
step  added  give  a  gavotte  step.  Bring  the  heels  together 
before  taking  the  change  step. 

Polka  Hop.  This  is  a  combination  of  swing  hop  and 
change  step,  four  counts. 

Swing  the  left  leg  forward  and  hop  on  the  right  foot  on 
"one,"  follow  with  the  change  step,  beginning  with  the 
raised  leg. 

Polka  Combinations.  1.  Step  to  the  left  on  "one,"  point 
step  forward  right  on  "two."  Same  to  the  left.  Four 
counts  in  all.  Polka  hop,  alternating  left  and  right.  The 
same  may  be  done  in  couples,  facing  each  other  in  the  step 


FANCY  STEPS  11)3 

and  point,  and  facing  the  front  for  the  polka  hop,  or  sub- 
stituting for  the  polka  hop  the  polka  glide,  still  keeping 
the  formation  facing  each  other.  Join  inner  hands,  and 
place  outer  hands  upon  the  hips. 

2.  Balance  side  step,  alternating  left  and  right,  six  counts; 
polka  hop  forward. 

3.  Balance  step  forward  or  sideways  with  polka  slide. 

4.  Balance  point,  six  counts;  three  slide  steps  and  point. 

5.  Touch  step  forward  heel,  cross  touch  step  backward 
toe,  and  polka  hop  forward.     This  may  be  accompanied 
by  clapping  of  the  hands  during  a  portion  of  the  steps. 

Schottische  Steps.  Walk  three  steps  forward  and  point 
forward,  four  counts.  Walk  three  steps  forward,  swing  the 
leg  forward,  four  counts.  Run  three  steps  forward,  swing 
the  leg  forward.  Run  three  steps  forward  and  on  the  fourth 
count  swing  the  leg  forward,  at  the  same  time  hop  on  the 
weight  foot  (three  running  steps  and  the  hop  swing).  This 
last  is  the  schottische  step. 

1.  Take  schottische  step  forward  left  and  right,  eight 
counts;  hop  step  on  place,  eight  counts. 

2.  Take  schottische  step  forward,  eight  counts;  hop  swing 
on  place,  eight  counts. 

Change  Step  Combination.  In  couples.  Join  inner 
hands,  outer  hands  placed  upon  the  hips;  begin  with  the 
outside  foot. 

Change  step  forward,  twelve  counts.  One  on  left  circles 
under  raised  joined  hands,  one  on  right  takes  short  change 
step  forward,  twelve  counts.  Reverse  same.  Change  step 
forward,  twelve  counts.  Both  circle  under.  Twelve  counts. 

Repeat. 

13 


PART    III. 


GAME  S. 

Games  and  plays  are  a  fundamental 
principle  in  and  a  strong  factor  of  gym- 
nastic work.  No  scheme  for  physical 
exercise  is  complete  unless  it  recognizes 
and  to  some  extent  provides  for  this 
side  of  the  classroom  work.  For  this 
reason  a  few  such  games,  together  with 
others  needing  a  free  floor  space,  are 
given  to  be  used  in  connection  with 
the  previous  lessons. 


(195) 


GAMES   FOR   THE   CLASSROOM. 

I.  LAST  DOWN. 

The  leader  or  teacher  gives  any  gymnastic  command 
with  which  the  pupils  are  familiar.  Whoever  fails  to  exe- 
cute it  quickly  and  accurately  is  told  to  sit  down.  If  a 
failure  is  made  and  not  noticed  by  the  leader  the  one  mak- 
ing it  may  correct  it  and  remain  standing,  provided  the 
correction  is  not  noticed.  The  last  one  down  wins  the 
game. 

II.    BEAN  BAG  GAMES.    (PASSING.) 

Practise  passing  the  bag  first  while  the  pupils  are  seated, 
as  it  is  easier  to  detect  and  correct  mistakes. 
1.  Vertical  Passing  (pupils  seated). 


o        o        o        o 

4321 


a.  Place  one  bean  bag  in  front  of  each  form.    At  a  given 
signal  the  bags  are  taken  up  by  the  first  pupils  and  passed, 

(197) 


198  GAMES 

without  skipping  any  pupil,  to  the  back  of  the  class.  The 
last  pupil  in  the  form  holds  up  the  bag  as  soon  as  it  is 
received  and  scores  a  point  for  that  form. 

b.  Pass  to  the  front. 

c.  Pass  to  the  back  and  to  the  front  without  stopping. 

d.  \Vith  a  bag  for  forms  1  and  3  each,  pass  back  in  1  and 
3  and  front  in  2  and  4  without  stopping. 

2.  Vertical  Multi-passing  (pupils  seated),    a.  Each  form 
has  four  bags  placed  on  the  front  desk.    Pass  the  bags  in 
quick  succession  as  in  No.  1  a.    No  pupil  should  have  two 
bags  in  his  hands  at  the  same  time.    Each  pupil  must  take 
each  bag  in  turn.    If  the  last  pupil  in  any  form  places  all 
the  bags  in  his  form  on  his  desk  first,  that  form  wins. 

b.  Pass  in  the  same  wyay  to  the  front. 

c.  Pass  as  in  No.  1  d. 

3.  Circle  Passing  (pupils  standing),  a.  Arrange  the  class 
in  a  circle  around  the  room. 


o  o 


o 

o  o 

o  o 

o  o 

o  o 

o  o 


Pass  as  quickly  as  possible  one  bag  from  1  to  20.    Pass 
from  20  to  1. 


FOR  THE  CLASSROOM  199 

b.  Place  two  bags  on  the  desk  by  No.  1.    Pass  from  1  to 
20.    Start  the  second  bag  when  the  first  has  reached  the 
third  pupil.    Pass  in  like  manner  from  20  to  1. 

c.  Pass  the  bags  twice  around  the  circle  without  stopping. 
The  number  of  bags  may  be  increased. 

4.  Semicircle  Passing  (pupils  standing),    a.  Divide  the 
circle  into  two  halves,  groups  A  and  B.     Each  division 
passes  a  bag  from  the  first  to  the  tenth.    Score  for  the  win- 
ning side.    Pass  in  the  same  way  from  the  tenth  to  the 
first. 

b.  Pass  as  in  No.  3  b  two  or  more  bags  from  1 
to  10. 

5.  Circular  Passing  (pupils  standing),     a.  Pass  the  bag 
as  in  No.  4  a,  excepting  that  the  bag  is  passed  around  in 
Group  A,  from  the  right  hand  to  the  left  around  the  body 
to  the  right  hand  again  and  then  to  the  pupil  on  the  left. 
In  Group  B  it  is  passed  in  the  opposite  manner. 

b.  Pass  as  in  a,  using  two  or  more  bags,  one  after  the 
other. 

6.  Sideways  Passing.    Pupils  stand  and  face  right  or  left, 
toward  the  side  of  the  room. 

a.  Pass  as  in  No.  1  a. 

b.  Pass  as  in  No.  1  b. 

c.  Pass  as  in  No.  1  c. 

d.  Pass  as  in  No.  1  d,  having  forms  1  and  2. 3  and  4, facing 
each  other. 

e.  Pass  as  in  d,  using  several  bags  instead  of  one. 

/.  In  the  upper  grades,  pass  one  bag  a  certain  number  of 
times  as  "back,  front,  back,"  or  "back,  front,  and  back 
three  pupils,"  the  last  one  always  holding  it  up. 


2<X)  GAMES 

7.  Vertical  Overhead  Passing.    The  class  stands  facing 
the  front  of  the  room. 

a.  Pass  in  each  form  a  bag  to  the  back,  over  the  head, 
using  both  hands. 

b.  Face  about  and  pass  to  the  front  in  the  same  way. 

c.  Combine  a  and  b. 

8.  Zig-zag  Passing.    The  pupils  in  each  two  forms  face 

each  other  and  stand  diagonally  opposite. 

a.  Pass  a  bag  from  1  to  2,  from  2  to  3,  etc., 
0  to  the  back. 

o  b.   Pass  to  the  back  and  again  to  the  front 

°  without  stopping.    Score  either  one  point  for 

the  winning  group,  or  the  number  of    points 
made  over  the  other,  that  is,  if  No.  6  of  Group 
0  0  A  has  the  bag  when  the  last  one  in  Group  B 

o  !     has  one,  Group  B  makes  four  points.    If  there 
are  an  uneven  number  in  any  group  the  bag 
may  be  passed  back  from  the  last  to  the  number  neces- 
sary to  make  the  sides  even. 


III.  BEAN  BAG.     (Rrxxixo.) 

1.  Desk  Bean  Bag  (sitting).  Place  one  bag  on  each  of  the 
desks  in  the  front  row.  The  pupils  in  the  first  row  across 
stand,  and,  at  a  given  signal,  take  the  bag-,  run  to  the  back 
and  place  them  on  the  corresponding  desks  at  the  back, 
then  return  to  their  own  seats,  taking  the  position  of 
"attention"  in  sitting.  The  pupil  obtaining  the  best  and 
quickest  result  scores  a  point  for  his  form.  The  next  row 


FOR  THE  CLASSROOM  201 

now  stands,  and,  at  a  signal,  returns  the  bags  to  the  front 
desks  and  takes  the  sitting  "attention"  position.  This  is 
repeated,  changing  the  bags  from  the  front  to  the  back 
and  from  the  back  to  the  front  desks,  until  all  the  pupils 
have  had  a  chance. 

2.  Desk  Bean  Bag  (standing).     Change  the  bags  as  in 
No.  1,  but  instead  of  the  pupils  starting  from  the  desks, 
each  row  in  turn  starts  from  the  back  of  the  room,  and, 
after   placing   the   bags   in   the    required    positions,   runs 
back    to   the   starting    position   and    takes   the    standing 
position   of   "attention."     After   all    have    run    the    first 
pupil  to  score   from  each  form  may  now  compete  with 
each  other. 

3.  Desk  Bean  Bag  (circle).    The  pupils  stand  in  a  semi- 
circle around  the  room,   with  a  space  at  the  back  the 
length  of  the  row  of  desks.     The  first  four  or  five,  corre- 
sponding to  the  number  of  aisles,  march  forward  and  run 
as  in  No.  2.    When  the  first  group  has  finished  it  moves  to 
the  other  end  of  the  semicircle,  and  the  next  group  moves 
to  take  its  place.     This  is  repeated  until  all  have  had  a 
chance  to  run. 

4.  Aisle  Run.     Form  two  semicircles  around  the  room. 
Place  a  chair  at  the  front  of  the  room  at  equal  distance 
from  the  farther  ends  of  the  two  lines.     Pass  a  bag  from 
each  No.  1  pupil  to  the  end.     When  the  last  pupil  gets 
the  bag  he  runs  forward  down  one  of  the  aisles  and  places 
it  upon  the  chair.     The  side  succeeding  in  getting  the  bag 
first  on  the  chair  scores  a  point.     The  runners  may  now 
take  their  places  at  the  beginning  and  the  next  move  for- 
ward to  the  position  of  runners,  or  the  same  pupils  may 


202  GAMES 

remain  runners  throughout  the  game.    Count  the  points 
at  the  end  of  the  game. 

Runner.  Runner. 

0  O 

O  O 

O  O 

AC  oB 

O  O 

O  O 

01  10 
X 

Chair. 

5.  Last  to  the  Front.     The  pupils  are  arranged  with  a 
vacant  aisle  between  each  form.     Those  in  the  front  row 


have  handkerchiefs  tied  around  their  arms.  Each  form 
has  a  bag  which  is  passed  from  the  front  to  the  back. 
When  the  last  one  gets  the  bag  he  runs  down  the  right 
vacant  aisle  and  stands  in  the  position  previously  occupied 
by  the  first  pupil,  all  moving  a  step  toward  the  back. 
The  passing  and  changing  are  repeated  until  the  leaders 
are  again  back  in  place  and  all  in  that  form  are  in 


FOR  THE  CLASSROOM  203 

their    original    positions.     The    form    first    succeeding    in 
this  wins. 

IV.  BEAN  BAG.     (THROWING.) 

1.  Zigzag  Toss.    Arrange  the  pupils  in  the  zigzag  position 
of  No.  8  bag  passing.    Stand  so  that  each  touches  the  desk 
or  the  seat  behind. 

a.  Toss  the  bag  instead  of  passing,  as  in  No.  8  «. 

b.  Toss  back  and  front  without  stopping. 

2.  Centre  Toss.    Arrange  the  pupils  in  a  semicircle,  facing 
the  centre.    Select  one  to  stand  in  the  centre  of  the  semi- 
circle, holding  a  bag. 


o  o 

Centre. 

03 

02 

O  1 
Head. 

°  Foot. 

The  centre  tosses  to  No.  1,  who  tosses  it  back  to  the 
centre;  centre  now  tosses  it  to  No.  2,  who  tosses  it  back 
again.  This  is  repeated  with  every  player.  Whoever  fails 
to  catch  the  bag  or  make  a  fair  toss  goes  to  the  foot.  If 
the  centre  fails  he  goes  to  the  foot  and  the  head,  or  No.  1, 
ta^ces  his  place. 

3.  Cross  Centre  Toss.  The  arrangement  of  the  pupils  is 
the  same  as  in  No.  2.  Two  bags  are  used  instead  of  one. 


204  GAMES 

No.  1  throws  to  the  centre,  as  the  centre  throws  to  No.  2. 
No.  2  throws  to  the  centre,  as  the  centre  throws  to  No.  3, 
etc.,  the  bags  crossing  in  the  toss. 

4.  Circle  Pitching.    Arrange  the  class  in  two  semicircles 
around  the  room  with  an  open  space  at  the  front  and  back. 


o  o 

A  o  oB 

o  o 

10  01 

X  X  Distance 

S~*\  point. 

Draw  a  circle  with  chalk  on  the  floor  in  the  front  of  room 
and  mark  off  an  equal  distance  on  opposite  sides  of  the 
circle.  No.  1  pupil  from  each  group  stands  upon  the  mark 
on  his  side,  holding  a  bean  bag.  Each  tries  to  throw  the 
bag  into  the  circle.  If  the  bag  projects  beyond  the  chalk- 
line  it  does  not  count.  After  throwing,  the  pupils  pass  up 
the  nearest  aisle  and  take  their  places  at  the  other  end  of 
the  lines.  The  next  in  order  pick  up  the  bags  and  throw  as 
the  first.  Allow  the  Groups  A  and  B  to  alternate  in  the 
first  throw.  One-half  of  the  circle  should  be  marked  one 
color  and  one-half  another  color,  and  the  groups  named 
accordingly.  Two  circles  may  be  used  after  the  pupils 
have  had  practice  in  throwing,  but  one  circle  is  better 
at  first,  especially  for  the  lower  grades,  as  two  divide  the 
attention. 


FOR  THE  CLASSROOM 


205 


5.  Multi-circle  Pitching.  Mark  opposite  each  aisle  as 
many  circles  on  the  floor  in  front  of  the  room  as  there 
are  aisles.  Select  an  equal  distance  from  the  circles  in  the 
direction  of  the  several  aisles.  Modify  the  distance  to  suit 
the  grade.  The  circles  may  be  numbered  or  drawn  in 


o 


0 


o 


o 


o        o        o        o 

1234 

different  colors,  or  half  the  number  of  circles  may  be  one 
color  and  half  another.  Each  pupil  in  the  front  row 
stands  upon  a  distance-mark  and  holds  a  bean  bag, 
which,  at  a  signal,  he  tries  to  throw  into  a  circle  in 
front,  after  which  this  row  is  seated  and  the  next  row 
goes  forward  to  pick  up  the  bag  and  throw  in  turn. 


1 

6 

4 

2 

10 

2 

4 

8 

1 

6.  Frame  Pitching.  Mark  out  a  frame  upon  the  floor  in 
the  front  of  the  room.  The  pupils  may  stand  as  in  No.  4, 
or  remain  seated  until  their  turn  to  throw. 


200 


GAMES 


Each  pupil  in  throwing  stands  upon  a  marked  "distance- 
point"  and  tries  to  throw  upon  the  highest  number,  or  to 
dislodge  an  opponent's  bag,  and  still  remain  upon  a  square. 
Each  side  throws  alternately.  If  the  clasp  is  small  each 
pupil  may  have  two  throws  in  succession,  otherwise  only 
one.  When  six  bags  have  been  thrown  the  score  is  counted 
and  the  game  then  continues  as  before.  The  bags  belong- 
ing to  each  side  must  be  designated  in  some  way.  This  may 
be  done  by  sewing  a  piece  of  red  worsted  into  one-half  of 
them. 

V.  BALI,  GAMES. 

Almost  all  the  passing  games  with  the  bean  bags  may 

be  played  by  substituting  balls.    Any  kind  of  ball  will  do 

for  passing. 

1.  Desk  Roll.     The  pupils  stand,  the  two  neighboring 

forms  facing,  with  the  tops  of  the  desks  between. 

No.  1,  who  remains  seated  in  front,  passes 
a  ball  to  No.  2,  who  rolls  it  across  the  top 
of  the  desk  to  No.  3,  No.  3  passes  it  to  No. 
4,  No.  4  rolls  it  to  No.  5,  and  so  on  until  it 
reaches  No.  9,  when  it  is  started  back  in 
the  opposite  direction.  When  No.  1  gets  the 
ball  he  stands  and  holds  it  up.  The  first 
group  to  finish  wins.  An  error  is  made  if  the 
ball  is  dropped  and  not  returned  to  the  one 
dropping  it;  if  the  ball  is  passed  across  the 
desk  instead  of  rolled;  if  the  ball  is  passed  to 
the  wrong  one.  If  an  error  is  not  corrected 

the  group  making  it  is  barred  from  scoring  at  that  time. 

If  there  are  more  pupils  than  can  play  at  the  same  time 


FOR  THE  CLASSROOM  207 

allow  the  extra  ones  to  change  places  with  those  playing 
whenever  an  error,  or  several  errors,  are  made  and  not 
corrected.  It  is  difficult  for  one  person  to  watch  more  than 
two  groups  at  once. 

2.  Zigzag  Toss.    As  No.  1  bean  bag  (throwing). 

3.  Guess  Ball.    The  pupils  remain  seated,  excepting  the 
one  who  is  selected  to  go  to  the  front  of  the  room.    This 
one  stands  with  his  back  to  the  class.    The  pupils  have  a 
soft  rubber  ball  which  is  passed  from  right  to  left,  or  vice 
versa,  while  the  one  in  front  counts  to  a  certain  designated 
number  and  calls  '' throw!"     Whoever  has  the  ball  tries 
to  hit  the  counter,  who  quickly  turns  and  guesses  who 
threw  the  ball.     If  he  succeeds  the  two  change  places;  if 
not  the  game  goes  on  with  the  same  counter. 

4.  Bounce  Ball.     Use  a  soft  rubber  ball  which  bounces 
well.    The  pupils  are  seated.    Mark  a  circle  on  the  black- 
board in  front,  higher  than  the  heads  of  the  pupils  when 
standing,  a  larger  circle  for  the  lower  grades.     Appoint 
some  one  to  start  the  game.    This  pupil  rises  and  throws 
the  ball  at  the  marked  circle,  making  it  bounce  back  among 
the  pupils,  who  try  to  catch  it,  but  without  leaving  their 
seats.  If  it  rolls  on  the  floor  a  pupil  may  reach  for  it,  but 
must   not  leave  his  seat.     Whoever  gets  it  stands  and 
throws  it  at  the  circle,  unless  he  has  previously  done  so, 
in  which  case  he  tosses  it  to  the  nearest  pupil  who  has  not 
already  thrown  it.    The  pupils  stand  in  throwing  the  ball 
either  at  the  circle  or  to  another  pupil.    If  desirable,  points 
may  be  counted  when  the  inside  of  the  circle  is  hit,  but  in 
the  lower  grades   the   primary   interest   is   catching  and 
throwing  the  ball.    In  the  higher  grades  the  class  may  be 


2()S  GAMES 

divided  into  two  groups  and  the  points  made  by  the  two 
groups  scored.  It  may  be  better  to  place  the  poorer 
catchers  and  throwers  in  front. 

5.  Centre  Toss.    As  in  No.  2  bean  bag  (throwing). 

6.  Cross  Centre  Toss.    As  in  No.  3  bean  bag  (throwing). 

7.  Form  Toss. 


o        o        o        o 
o        o        o        o 

4321 

Pass  a  rubber  ball  to  each  pupil  in  form  1.  Forms  1 
and  3  stand  and  face  each  other.  The  pupils  in  form  1 
throw  to  their  opposites  in  form  3.  Score  for  3  the  number 
of  points  made.  A  catch  counts  one  point.  Form  3  now 
throws  to  form  1  and  form  1  scores.  The  balls  are  now 
passed  to  form  2.  1  and  3  are  seated.  2  and  4  stand  and 
continue  the  game.  A  very  poor  throw  is  barred.  After 
playing  a  certain  length  of  time  scores  made  by  each  form 
are  added. 

Instead  of  scoring  for  each  separate  form  1  and  3  may 
be  Group  A  and  play  together;  2  and  4,  Group  B  and  play 
together.  The  scores  count  for  the  groups  instead  of  for 
the  forms.  If  there  are  six  forms  the  distance  may  be 
doubled,  1  and  4,  2  and  5,  3  and  6  tossing  the  ball  to  each 
other. 


FOR  THE  CLASSROOM  200 

8.  Last  to  the  Front.    Use  a  basket-ball,    a.  If  only  two 
balls  are  used  the  pupils  stand  in  two  semicircles,  facing 
the  front  of  the  room.     The  game  is  similar  to  No.  5  bean 
bag  (running).     The  ball  must  be  passed  over  the  head 
with  both  hands.    If  it  is  dropped  it  must  be  returned  to 
the  pupil  who  dropped  it. 

6.  The  same  general  arrangement,  but  the  feet  are  placed 
sideways.  Roll  the  ball  between  the  feet  instead  of  passing 
it  over  the  head. 

c.  The  same  arrangement  as  6.  Each  form,  first  pass 
the  ball  over  the  head  and  then  roll  between  the  feet. 

9.  Volley  Ball.     Use  a  large  gas-ball.     Divide  the  room 
into  twTo  parts,  using  the  centre  aisle  as  the  dividing  area. 
Any  number   of   players   are    arranged    in    the   three   or 
four  aisles  on  either  side  of  the  centre  and  facing  it.    All 
the  players  on  one  side  of  the  centre  belong  to  that  side. 
The  boundary  lines  are  chosen  in  accordance  with  the  shape 
of  the  room. 

The  ball  is  put  in  play  by  a  pupil  tossing  it  in  the  air,  as 
in  tennis,  and  serving  with  the  palm  of  the  hand.  Players 
serve  in  succession,  alternating  with  one  of  the  opponents. 
If  the  server  on  the  first  or  second  trial  puts  the  ball  into 
the  opponent's  court  (the  space  enclosed  by  the  centre 
aisle  and  the  boundary  lines)  it  is  a  successful  serve.  A 
successful  server  may  continue  to  serve  until  the  opponents 
score.  A  score  is  made  whenever  the  opponents  fail  to 
return  the  ball.  The  ball  is  kept  in  play  as  long  as  the 
players  keep  the  ball  in  motion  back  and  forth  from  one 
side  to  the  other.  Serves  and  returns  are  made  with  the 
palm  of  the  hand.  When  the  ball  strikes  outside  of  the 

14 


210  GAMER 

boundary  linos  or  in  the  centre  aisle  it  is  "out"  and  no 
score  is  made.  Service  now  goes  to  the  opponents.  If  the 
ball  strikes  any  part  of  the  room,  excepting  the  floor,  and 
bounces  back  within  the  court  it  is  still  in  play.  It  is  a 
foul  to  catch  or  hold  the  ball,  and  counts  a  point  for  the 
opposite  side. 

The  game  is  in  two  halves,  with  a  rest  between ;  change 
sides  of  room  at  the  beginning  of  the  second  half. 

Appoint  a  scorekeeper  and  two  or  more  boundary 
judges,  the  latter  to  see  when  the  ball  is  "out."  The 
Instructor  may  act  as  referee,  timekeeper,  etc. 


GAMES  FOR  THE  GYMNASIUM  OR  PLAYROOM. 


Cat  and  Rat.  The  players  join  hands  and  form  a  circle 
facing  the  centre.  Any  two  players  standing  side  by  side 
are  selected,  one  for  the  cat  and  the  other  for  the  rat,  step- 
ping out  of  the  circle.  The  space  occupied  by  these  is  left 
open  for  a  door.  The  rat  runs  and  the  cat  tries  to  catch  it. 
The  rat  is  assisted  by  the  other  players,  who  raise  their 
joined  hands,  allowing  him  easily  to  pass  under.  Both 
may  pass  through  the  door.  When  the  rat  is  caught,  or  at 
the  end  of  a  certain  selected  time,  the  next  two  on  the  right 
of  the  door  become  cat  and  rat. 

Slap  Jack.  One  player  is  chosen  "it,"  the  rest,  form  a 
close  circle.  The  one  who  is  "it"  slaps  a  member  of  the 
circle  on  the  back  and  continues  running  in  the  same  direc- 
tion. The  one  slapped  quickly  leaves  the  circle  and  runs 
in  the  opposite  direction.  Each  tries  to  reach  the  vacant 
place  in  the  circle  first.  The  one  wrho  does  not,  becomes 
"it."  To  vary  the  game,  the  runners  may  bow,  shake 
hands,  hop  around  each  other,  or  make  any  other  selected 
movement  when  they  meet  and  pass.  If  the  one  wrho  is 
"it"  goes  around  the  circle  before  slapping  a  player,  he 
loses  his  chance. 

Three-deep  Tag.  The  players  form  in  twos,  standing 
directly  behind  each  other  in  a  circle,  facing  the  centre, 
with  considerable  space  between  each  couple.  Two  players 
are  chosen;  one  as  catcher,  the  other  pursued. 

(  211  ) 


212  GAMES 

The  pursued  tries  to  get  in  front  of  a  couple  before  he  is 
tagged;  if  lie  succeeds  he  is  safe.  The  outer  one  of  that 
group,  who  now  is  the  third  one,  becomes  the  pursued  and 
must  try  in  turn  to  get  into  a  safe  place  in  front  of  a  couple. 
If  the  pursued  is  tagged,  he  in  turn  becomes  the  catcher 
and  tries  now  to  tag  the  previous  catcher  or  any  outer  one 
in  a  group  of  three. 

O 

00° 
O  O 

0  0° 


° 

o  o 


o 


Last  Couple  Out.  Two  vertical  lines  are  formed  side  by 
side.  One  player,  who  is  selected  as  catcher,  stands  in 
front  of  and  close  to  the  others,  with  his  back  to  them.  He 
calls  "  Last  couple  out!"  or  claps  his  hands,  upon  which  the 
last  two  separate,  one  running  to  one  side,  the  other  to 
the  other  side  of  the  players.  The  object  of  the  two  is  to 
meet  anywhere  in  front  of  the  two  lines  before  the  catcher 
tags  one.  .If  they  succeed  they  take  their  places  at  the 
head  of  the  lines,  standing  directly  behind  the  catcher. 
If  one  is  tagged,  he  in  turn  becomes  the  catcher,  and  the 
other  two  stand  at  the  head  of  the  line.  The  catcher  is 


FOR  THE  GYMNASIUM  OR  PLAYROOM  213 

-^ 

not  allowed  to  turn  his  head  to  look  back  of  his  standing 
position. 

Stealing  Sticks.  Two  goals  are  marked  off,  one  at  each 
end  of  the  room,  in  each  of  which  are  placed  six  sticks  or 
dumb-bells.  A  dividing  line  across  the  floor  marks  mid- 
way between  the  goals.  One-half  the  players  are  on  each 
side.  Each  side  tries  to  prevent  the  opposite  side  from 
stealing  its  sticks,  at  the  same  time  trying  to  get  the  sticks 
of  the  opponent.  If  an  opponent  is  caught  over  the  divid- 
ing line,  unless  he  is  already  within  the  goal,  where  he 
cannot  be  caught,  he  becomes  a  prisoner  and  must  remain 
within  the  opponent's  goal  until  rescued  by  a  player  from 
his  own  side.  If  he  succeeds  in  getting  within  the  opponents' 
goal  he  may  then  take  one  of  the  sticks  back  to  his  own 
goal,  unless  there  is  a  prisoner,  in  which  case  he  rescues  a 
prisoner  instead  of  taking  a  stick.  The  players  must  stand 
near  the  dividing  line  and  not  near  the  goal.  Whichever 
side  has  the  most  sticks  at  the  end  of  the  game  wins. 

Fisherman.  One  player  is  selected  as  catcher,  or  fisher- 
man, and  stands  near  the  centre  of  the  room.  When  the 
fisherman  claps,  the  rest  (the  fish)  try  to  run  from  one  end 
of  the  room  to  the  other  without  being  caught.  When  a 
player  is  caught  he  joins  hands  with  the  fisherman,  and 
they  become  the  net  and  the  game  proceeds  as  before.  The 
net  must  not  break  by  letting  go  hands.  After  four  or  six 
compose  the  net,  there  may  be  two  equal  nets  instead  of 
one.  When  all  are  caught  the  last  one  becomes  the  new 
fisherman. 

Black  and  White.  The  players  stand  in  two  parallel  lines 
in  the  centre  of  the  room,  backs  toward  each  other  and 


214  GAMES 

about  two  feet  apart.  One  line  is  called  black  and  the  other 
white.  At  equal  distances  parallel  lines  are  drawn,  beyond 
which  are  the  goals.  A  disk,  one  side  black  and  the  other 
white,  is  spun;  which  color  falls  uppermost  is  called  aloud 
by  the  one  spinning  the  disk;  if  black,  the  line  called  black 
must  run  toward  their  goal,  the  other  trying  to  tag  them. 
When  a  player  is  tagged  he  joins  the  opposite  side  or  drops 
from  the  game.  The  side  wins  which  has  the  greater 
number  of  players  at  the  end  of  the  game. 

Snatch  Tag.  Two  groups  of  players  are  lined  up,  facing 
each  other,  one  at  each  end  of  the  room.  A  handkerchief 
is  placed  half-way  between  on  a  chair  or  on  the  top  of  an 
Indian  club.  Upon  a  point  directly  opposite  stands  a 
player  from  each  side,  who,  at  a  given  signal,  runs  forward 
and  tries  to  snatch  the  handkerchief  and  take  it  back  to 
his  own  side  before  being  caught  by  the  one  who  fails  iu 
snatching  the  handkerchief.  If  successful  the  opponent 
stays  on  his  side;  if  not,  he  must  go  to  the  other  side. 

Counter  Tag.  A  similar  game  is  played  by  placing  some 
object,  as  a  chair  or  club,  slightly  nearer  one  side  than  the 
other,  the  near  side  being  the  pursued,  the  other  the  catcher. 
One  from  the  pursued  tries  to  run  around  the  object  and 
back  to  place  before  being  caught  by  one  of  the  catchers. 
The  result  of  winning  or  failing  is  the  same  as  in  snatch  tag. 

Relay  Race.  Draw  a  certain  number  of  numbered  circles, 
fivo  or  six,  at  one  end  of  the  room,  in  which  are  placed  five 
Indian  clubs  or  dumb-bells.  On  a  line  with  each  of  the 
circles,  at  equal  distances  from  each  other  and  the  circles, 
mark  five  crosses.  Players  equal  to  the  number  of  circles 
try  to  see  which  can  place  the  bells  upon  the  crosses  first, 


FOR  THE  GYMNASIUM  OR  PLAYROOM  215 

only  one  bell  being  taken  at  a  time.  Whoever  does  this 
first  wins  the  set.  The  next  set  returns  the  bells  to  the 
circles  one  at  a  time.  All  the  bells  must  be  within  the  circle 
to  count.  The  winners  from  each  set  may  compete  with 
each  other  if  the  game  is  individual. 

Clap  Stand.  One  is  selected  as  leader.  The  other  players 
stand  at  one  end  of  the  room.  The  leader  stands  in  front 
with  back  to  the  players  and  walks  slowly  toward  the  other 
end  of  the  room.  When  he  claps  his  hands  twice  all  of  the 
players  run  forward,  but  if  he  claps  his  hands  once  they 
must  stop  perfectly  still.  If  he  catches  any  one  moving, 
that  player  is  pointed  out  and  goes  to  the  rear  of  the  other 
players.  Two  claps  are  again  given  and  the  movement 
forward  is  repeated.  The  object  is  to  reach  the  other  end 
of  the  room  first.  If  any  player  can  succeed  in  stealing 
f orwa:  d  after  the  one  clap,  he  may  take  his  chances  of  not 
being  caught  and  try. 

BALL  GAMES. 

Zigzag  Roll.  Seat  the  players  in  a  zigzag  position  in  two 
groups  any  required  equal  distance.  Use  either  a  large  or 
a  small  ball  and  roll  in  the  same  direction  as  zigzag  toss  in 
No.  1  of  bean  bag  (throwing).  Count  either  a  point  for 
the  winning  side,  or  as  many  points  as  determined  by  the 
position  of  the  opponent's  ball  when  the  winning  group 
finishes. 

Tag  Ball  (passing).  Use  a  rubber  ball.  The  players 
form  in  a  circle  facing  the  centre.  One  player  is  chosen 
catcher  and  takes  his  place  outside  the  circle.  The  ball  is? 


216  GAMES 

passed  from  right  to  loft,  each  player  taking  it.  If  the 
catcher  succeeds  in  touching  the  ball  or  the  hand  of  the  one 
holding  it,  they  change  places.  If  the  ball  is  dropped  it 
counts  as  a  tag  for  the  one  dropping  it.  After  passing  from 
right  to  left  several  times,  pass  from  left  to  right,  and  later 
either  way,  right  or  left. 

Tag  Ball  (tossing).  Use  a  basket-ball.  The  players 
stand  some  distance  apart  in  a  circle,  facing  the  centre. 
Throw  the  ball  instead  of  passing  it  as  in  the  previous 
game;  otherwise  it  is  played  the  same.  A  poor  throw 
counts  against  the  player  as  a  tag  or  a  failure  to  catch 
would.  In  this  the  catcher  may  run  in  the  inside  also. 

Relay  Ball.  The  players  are  divided  into  two  groups, 
each  group  stationed  on  opposite  sides  of  the  room  in  corre- 
sponding positions,  forming  a  triangle,  a  semicircle,  a 
straight  line,  or  any  selected  form.  A  basket-ball  is  started 
from  the  same  position  in  either  side  and  thrown  in  the  same 
sequence  from  one  player  to  another.  It  may  be  returned 
to  the  starting  position  or  any  other  position  may  be 
selected  to  finish  the  throwing,  when  the  last  to  receive 
it  may  either  hold  it  or  run  and  deposit  it  upon  some 
selected  place.  Whichever  group  does  this  first  wins. 

Dodge  Ball.  Use  a  soft  rubber  ball.  The  players  form  a 
circle,  within  which  are  any  selected  number,  say  six. 
Those  composing  the  circle  throw  the  ball  and  try  to  hit 
those  inside  the  circle.  When  they  succeed,  those  hit  join 
the  circle.  A  hit  above  the  shoulders  does  not  count. 
When  this  set  has  joined  the  circle,  the  next  six  step  inside 
and  so  on  until  all  have  had  a  chance. 

Diagonal  Ball.     Use  rubber  balls. 


FOR  THE  GYMNASIUM  OR  PLAYROOM  217 

a.  The  players  are  divided  into  two  groups,  A's  and  B's, 
and  stand  in  two  lines  facing  each  other,  so  arranged  that 
one  A  is  diagonally  opposite  another: 


® 


One  ball  is  given  to  A  and  one  to  B  at  the  same  ends  of 
the  lines.  The  object  is  to  toss  the  ball  in  a  diagonal 
direction  to  the  other  end,  and  no  B  must  touch  an  A  ball. 
Whichever  side  gets  its  ball  down  first  wins.  The  balls 
may  be  started  at  opposite  ends  of  the  lines,  instead  of  at 
one  end.  The  A's  may  tie  handkerchiefs  around  their  arms 
to  distinguish  them,  and  their  ball  may  be  of  a  different 
color,  but  this  is  not  necessary.  This  game  may  be  played 
in  the  classroom. 

6.  Arrange  the  players  in  the  same  way,  each  one  a  short 
distance  from  his  neighbor,  standing  upon  a  circle  in  which 
no  other  player  may  step.  Toss  up  between  No.  1  in  A 
and  B  to  see  which  has  the  ball  at  the  start.  Whichever 
side  secures  the  ball  tries  to  toss  it  in  a  diagonal  (zigzag) 
manner  all  the  way  to  the  other  end,  in  which  case  ten 
points  are  made.  If  the  direct  diagonal  direction  is 
guarded  by  the  opponent  the  ball  may  be  passed  to  others 
of  'the  same  side  until  an  opportunity  is  given  to  resume 
correct  succession.  The  opponents  try  to  secure  the  ball, 
in  which  case  one  point  is  scored.  They  in  turn  must  try 


21 S  GAMES 

to  pass  it  from  either  end  to  the  other.  Only  the  two 
nearest  opponents  may  try  to  interfere  with  the  ball 
when  it  is  in  play. 

Over  the  Lines.  Use  a  basket-ball.  Two  lines  are  drawn 
across  the  centre  of  the  floor  about  three  feet  apart, 
a  greater  distance  for  older  players.  The  players  arc 
divided  into  two  equal  groups,  one  group  on  one  side,  the 
other  on  the  other,  placed  so  that  the  floor  space  on  their 
respective  sides  is  well  covered.  One  from  each  side  is 
chosen;  these  step  to  the  centre  between  the  two  lines  and 
face  each  other.  The  ball  is  thrown  into  the  air  between 
them  and  each  tries  to  secure  it  for  his  own  side.  A  score 
is  made  when  one  side  throws  a  ball  that  the  opponents 
fail  to  catch.  The  one  who  catches  the  ball  must  throw  it. 
He  may  throw  it  from  the  position  caught  or  go  up  to  his 
own  line.  If  a  ball  falls  between  the  two  lines  it  is  a  foul 
and  takes  one  point  from  the  side  throwing  it.  If  desirable 
a  ball  caught  on  the  first  bounce  may  be  counted  a  catch. 
This  is  splendid  practice  for  basket-ball,  and  any  number 
may  play. 

Captain  Ball.  I'se  a  basket-ball.  The  players  are  divided 
into  two  sides.  A  certain  number  of  circles  are  drawn  on 
each  side  of  a  dividing  line  across  the  centre  of  the  floor. 
The  circles  on  each  side  are  arranged  in  a  semicircle  around 
a  common  circle  drawn  near  the  dividing  line.  The  number 
of  circles  varies  according  to  the  number  of  players.  Each 
circle  is  guarded  by  a  player  from  the  opposite  side.  The 
ball  is  thrown  up  between  the  two  centres. 

Each  side  tries  to  pass  the  ball  from  any  circle  to  their 
respective  centre,  or  to  pass  the  ball  from  Circle  1  in  sue- 


FOR  THE  GYMNASIUM  OR  PLAYROOM  219 

cession  to  Circle  5,  or  vice  versa,  in  which  case  a  point  is 
also  scored.  The  opponents,  as  guards,  try  to  prevent 
this,  and  at  the  same  time  get  the  ball  to  a  player  on  their 
own  side.  The  guards  cannot  step  over  the  dividing  line 


B'A 


nor  into  one  of  the  circles.  A  circle  player  must  throw 
the  ball  from  his  circle.  He  cannot  go  out  of  his  circle 
toward  the  centre  to  get  the  ball.  The  opponents  cannot 
go  beyond  the  circles  to  get  the  ball. 


INDEX. 


Alternate  heel  and  toe  raising,  58 
Arm  circling,  55 
circumduction,  82 
flinging  sideways,  53 
raising,  62 
forward,  62 
sideways,  34 
sideways-upward,  53 
rotation,  53 
stretching,  44 
backward,  46 
downward,  31 
forward,  42 
sideways,  36 
star  position,  50 
upward,  52 
Arms  bending,  48 
forward,  50 
half-forward,  65 
sideways,  58 
upward,  31 
Attention,  29 
Cross  step,  109 
Facing,  56 
about,  56 
half,  52 

left  and  right,  41 
Fall  out,  148 
Fancy  steps,  187 

balance  steps,  191 
change  step,  190 

step  combinations,  193 
combinations  of  fundamental 

steps,  192 
extension  step,  190 
follow  steps,  190 

slide,  190 
hop  step,  191 


Fancy  steps — 

march  steps  forward,  189 
polka  slide,  192 
combinations,  192 
hop,  192 

schottische  steps,  193 
skip  step,  191 
swing  steps,  190 
touch  steps,  189 
Feet  close,  30 

sideways  place,  38 
Foot  placing,  35 
backward,  35 
outward,  44 
forward,  35 
outward,  42 
sideways,  31 
Forward  dress,  60 
Games  for  the  classroom,  197 
ball  games,  206 
bounce  ball,  207 
centre  toss,  208 
cross  centre  toss,  208 
desk  roll,  206 
form  toss,  208 
guess  ball,  207 
last  to  the  front,  209 
volley  ball,  209 
zigzag  toss,  207 
bean  bag  passing,  197 
circle  passing,  198 
circular  passing,  199 
semicircle  passing,  199 
sideways  passing,  199 
vertical    passing    (pupils 

seated),  197 
multi-passing    (pupils 
seated),  198 

(221) 


INDEX 


(lames  for  the  classroom — 

vertical    overhead     pass- 
ing, 199 

zigzag  passing,  200 
bean  bag  running,  200 
aisle  run,  201 
desk     bean     bag    sitting, 

200 

circle,  201 
standing,  201 
last  to  the  front,  202 
bean  bag  throwing,  203 
centre  toss,  203 
circle  pitching,  204 
cross  centre  toss,  203 
frame  pitching,  205 
multi-circle  pitching,  204 
zigzag  toss,  203 
last  down,  197 

(lames  for  the  gymnasium  or  play- 
room, 21 1 

black  and  white,  213 
cat  and  rat,  21 1 
clap  stand,  215 
counter  tag,  214 
fisherman,  213 
last  couple  out,  212 
relay  race,  ?  -. 
slap  jack,  2il 
scratch  tag,  214 
stealing  stick,  213 
three-deep  tag,  211 
ball  games,  215 
captain  ball,  218 
diagonal  ball,  216 
dodge  ball,  216 
over  the  line,  218 
relay  ball,  216 
tag  ball  passing,  215 

tossing,   216 
zigzag  roll,  215 
Guide  front,  35 

left  and  right,  48 
Halt,  60 

Head  bending,  30 
backward,  30 
sideways,  46 


Head  rotation,  42 

twisting,  39 
Heel  raising,  31 
Hips  firm,  30 
In  place,  rest,  29 
Jump,   152 

forward    with    one    start    step 

152 
in  place,  66 

facing  90°,  122 
prepare  to  jump,  62 
sideways,  163 
Jump,  spring,  97 

change  to  feet  sideways,  97 

change  from  touch  step  side- 
ways, 105 

in  place,  78 
Knee  bending,  68 

alternate  upward,  69 

backward,  81 

bend,  38 

deep  bend,  75 

upward,  170 
sideways  move,  182 
Leg  raising,  101 

backward,  102 

forward,  97 

sideways,  87 
Leg  stretching,  83 

backward,  83 

forward,   1 74 
March  step,  38 

backward,  38 

forward,  38 

sideways,  35 
Mark  time,'  60 

quick,  76 
Neck  firm,  34 
Position,  30 
Resume,  54 
Toe  raising,  52 
Touch  step,  105 
Trunk  bending,  56 

backward,   58 

forward,  42 

sideways,  58 
twisting,  63 


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